“
The main founders of the Communist Party of China and some well-known early activists began to read Marxist works, spread Marxism, and promote the establishment of the Communist Party of China during their work or study at Peking University. This is the pride of Peking University, and it is also the glory of Peking University.
”
——General Secretary Xi Jinping's speech at the forum of teachers and students at Peking University
Editor's Note
China was the first to study, research and publicize
Marxist societies
Peking University Marxist Theory Research Society
It was founded in March 1920
Here, the North masters and students
Collect and compile various Marxist theories of books
Organize seminars and thematic studies
Host lectures, commemorative meetings, etc
On the occasion of the centenary of the Communist Party of China
Let's review together
The establishment and development of the Marxist Theory Research Society
Painting "Marx Theory Research Society" (Peking University History Collection, created by alumnus Li Xiongfan)
Secretly initiated
In March 1920, under the guidance of Li Dazhao, the Marxist Theory Research Association of Peking University was secretly initiated. During the period of secret activities, as "a co-learning organization with a division of labor and mutual assistance", the number of members of the Marx Theory Research Association was not large, and they often gathered in the office of Li Dazhao in the Red Chamber of Peking University for meetings or free discussions. Li Dazhao often taught everyone that "we should organize and absorb many people, and only in this way can we do something" (Luo Zhanglong recalls). In 1920, "the Marxist color of the library director's office became stronger and stronger" (Zhang Guotao recalled).
Peking University Red Building Li Dazhao office
In April 1920, Vyjingsky, a representative of the Comintern, came to Beijing, and through li dazhao's introduction, some backbone elements who participated in the May Fourth Movement and the Marxist Theory Research Association, such as Zhang Guotao, Luo Zhanglong, and Liu Renjing, participated in the discussion and exchange with Vyjingsky held in the Red House Library of Peking University. Since then, the Marxist Theory Research Society has continuously received foreign books and periodicals arranged by Vyshinsky.
Vyshinsky
In early October 1920, immediately after the early organization of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai, the early organization of the Communist Party of China in Beijing was established in the office of Li Dazhao in the Red Chamber, and its members were all teachers and students of Peking University—Li Dazhao, a professor at Peking University, Zhang Shenfu, a lecturer, and Zhang Guotao, a student, which was the first early organization of the Communist Party in northern China. Since then, Luo Zhanglong, Liu Renjing, Li Meitang, Deng Zhongxia, Gao Junyu, He Mengxiong, Wu Ruming, Fan Hongjie, Zhu Wushan, and other members of the Marxist Theory Research Association of Peking University have successively joined the party organization and are early party members before the CPC congress.
Deng Zhongxia
Gao Junyu
Fan Hongjie
He Mengxiong
Luo Zhanglong
Zhu Wushan
Lee Mei Tang
Liu Renjing
Turn to public events
After the first day of the CPC, in order to expand its influence and accelerate the development of the organization, the party organization decided to turn the secret activities of the Marx Theory Research Association into open activities. According to Luo Zhanglong, the public process was not "smooth sailing". The members finally discussed and decided to "put a notice in the Peking University journal and play the sign out." After Luo Zhanglong wrote the notice, he went to President Cai Yuanpei with another comrade and hoped that he would agree to publish the notice in the Peking University Journal. He preached to Mr. Cai the "principle of organizing the Marxist Theory Research Association", "Mr. Cai read the notice and list, was silent for a while, and finally agreed to publish it."
On November 17, 1921, the "Notice of initiating the Marx Theory Research Society" was published in the "Peking University Journal", and the Marxist Theory Research Society of Peking University was officially released. At this time, there were 19 members, including Gao Chonghuan, Wang Youde, Deng Zhongxia, Luo Zhanglong, Wu Ruming, Huang Shaogu, Wang Fusheng, Huang Rikui, Li Jun, Yang Renqi, Li Meitang, Wu Rongcang, Liu Renjing, Fan Hongjie, Song Tianfang, Gao Junyu, He Mengxiong, Zhu Wushan, and Fan Qihan. In addition to the 9 people who joined the party in the early days, Wang Youde, Wang Fusheng, Huang Rikui, Li Jun, Wu Rongcang, Song Tianfang and other 6 people also joined the Communist Party of China.
Group photo of the members of the Marxist Theory Research Society of Peking University in 1921
After the Marx Theory Research Association is made public, it actively recruits and develops members inside and outside the university, and "those who are interested in the study of Maxian theory and those who are willing to study Marx's theory" can join the association. There are two types of members: Inside And Outside Beijing.
On November 23, 1921, the Marxist Theory Research Association published a notice in the Journal of Peking University, announcing the name and contact address of the contact person who joined the association, and proposing that it was possible to contact the membership by correspondence.
On December 14, 1922, a notice for membership was again published, detailing the method of membership, the rights and obligations of members, and other related contents.
Under the active promotion of teachers and students such as Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia, Luo Zhanglong, Wang Fusheng, etc., the membership of the Marxist Theory Research Society of Peking University developed rapidly, reaching more than 50 people in 1921, more than 150 people in 1922, and about 250 people in 1923. Many members later became members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League, "serving as party and league leaders throughout the country or participating in the work of the secretariat of the Northern Labor Union" (Luo Zhanglong recalls).
name
Origin
unit
Luo Zhanglong (Secretary)
Liuyang, Hunan
Faculty of Letters, Peking University
Wang Youde (Officer)
Yunnan Ami
Gao Chonghuan
Shandong Licheng
Peking University Law School
Yizhang, Hunan
Wu Ruming
Changsha, Hunan
Huang Shaogu (Officer)
Yueyang, Hunan
Wang Fusheng
Yunnan Xiangyun
Department of French, Peking University
Yellow sunflower
Guilin, Guangxi
Department of Chinese, Peking University
Li Jun (Officer)
Hubei
Department of English, Peking University
Yang Renqi
Department of German at Peking University
Wu Rongcang
Hangzhou
North
Yingcheng, Hubei
Fan Hongjie (Officer)
Song Tianfang
Gao Shangde (Junyu)
Shanxi
Hunan County
Work-study mutual aid group
Changde, Hunan
Fan Qihan
Li Zizhou
Yulin, Shaanxi
Li Dazhao
Hebei Leting
Peking university
An Ti Cheng
Hebei Fengrun
Tianjin Law and Politics School
Wu Xianrui
Pingxiang, Hunan
Changsha No.1 Middle School
Zhang Renfeng
Hebei
Civilian schools
Chen Gongbo
Guangdong
Peng Lihe
Changsha United Middle School
Wang Zheng
Keelung, Taiwan
Liu Shu
Tsinghua University
Li Baocheng
Jinan
Jinpu railway worker
Liang Cheng
Jiangmen, Guangdong
Dash News Agency
Liang Pengwan
Tangshan, Hebei
Jingfeng railway worker
Deng Pei
Xiangshan, Guangdong
Shi Wenbin
Jinan, Shandong
Beijing-Hankou railway worker
Zhang Taiqing
Zhangjiakou, Hebei
Jingsui railway worker
He Qiying
Shanxi away from the stone
Taiyuan Middle School
Wang Zhongyi
Taiyuan, Shanxi
Xu Xingkai
Daxing, Hebei
Teachers colleges
Congratulations
Shaoyang, Hunan
Cai Mu
Shandong
Hokuyo University
Shi Pingmei (female)
Female Seniors
Miao Boying (female)
Xia Xiufeng
Beijing Senior Engineer
Xiao Zhenxiang
Liling, Hunan
Shu Dazhen
Li Hongbin
Luanzhou, Hebei
Tangshan Jiaotong University
Xu Xiaoyan
Jiangsu
Zhang Jianming
Henan
Xu Qiyuan
Dai Peiyuan
Renqiu, Hebei
Hebei University
Ren Kaiguo
northeast
Hao Ying (Red Ear)
Fuyang, Anhui
Peking University Printing Factory
Wang Maoting
Swimming (Sky Ocean)
Fujian
Han Linfu
Tianjin
Nankai Middle School
An Xingsheng
Cangzhou, Hebei
Tianjin Middle School
Wang Ruijun
Ju County, Shandong
Jinan Middle School
Yu Ark
Jinghai, Hebei
Tianjin Federation of Students
Guo Zengchang
Baoding Military Academy
Yang Mingzhai
teacher
Wang Zhongxiu
Baoding, Hebei
Wang Jingchen
Xinjita
Tianjin, Hebei
Tianjin Federation of Students
Zink Jean
Zhengding, Hebei
Shijiazhuang Middle School
Chen Isren
Hengyang Normal School
Yao Zuo Tang
Tongcheng, Anhui
Tsuura workers
Wang Bi
Anhui Anqing
Xuzhou railway worker
Xu Hongru
Chuzhou, Jiangsu
Kudzu Is expensive
Liangxiang, Hebei
Changxindian railway worker
Lin Yunan
Wuchang Middle School
Shi Bogao (Foreign)
Zhushan, Hubei
Hubei Law Specialist
Hu Xinzhi
Qingdao Daily
Zhang Yintao
Hebei Nanpi
Baoding Military Academy
Liu Shaoyou
Kunming, Yunnan
Peking University School of Literature
Zhang Zhaofeng
Hebei DaowuTang
Dai Chaozhen
Peking University Law Section
Hou Shaoqiu
Songjiang, Jiangsu
Matsue Junior High School
Yun Daiying
Jiangsu Wujin
Wuchang Normal School
Bai Xiuqing
Luoyang, Henan
Primary school teacher
Wei Ye Domain
Guanzhong, Shaanxi
Beijing High Division
Zhang Kundi
Yiyang, Hunan
First Teacher
Guo Shousheng
Yantai Naval School
Lee's Dragon
Lee is realistic
Hankou, Hubei
Wuchang Foreign Language School
Xu Baihao
Hanyang, Hubei
Wuchang workers' night school
Tan Ping Shan
Peking University Faculty of Letters
Mao Yanzhen
Wang Hebo
Fujian Minhou
Puzhen railway worker
Ma Shangde
Henan Qishan
Henan Kaifeng Normal School
Wang Kexin
Xinyang, Henan
Xinyang Middle School
Wang Xinyuan
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Li Shuyi
Chenzhou, Hunan
Zhang Shurong
Beijing French Language College
Luo Han
Chen Yannian
Huaining, Anhui
Beijing Aurora University
Ke Qingshi
She County, Anhui
Wuhu Middle School
Liu Ziqian
Jianyang, Sichuan
Chuandong Normal School
Li Xiyi
Dong Hongyou
Kailuan Coal Mine
Li Bohai
Luo Yunphos
Pingxiang, Jiangxi
Department of Science, Peking University
Feng Pinyi
Xie Lianqing
Taiwan
Xiamen Jimei
Gao Yuhan
Hefei, Anhui
Teacher of Anhui Middle School
Wang Right Wood
Chongqing, Sichuan
Tokyo is early
Lee Wei Nong
Chao Lake, Anhui
Anqing Middle School
Zhao Xingnong
Nanchang, Jiangxi
Jiujiang clerk
Zhang Chunmu (Tai Lei)
Changzhou, Jiangsu
Xie Huailong (female)
Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Kai Xiu Girls Middle School
Liu Tianzhang
Sanyuan, Shaanxi
Mihara Junior High School
Shen Gancheng
Xiaoshan, Zhejiang
Shanghai-Hangzhou railway worker
Tan Yinfu (female)
Yang Shannan
Beijing Law and Politics College
Tao Yongli
Tang County, Hebei
Baoding Yude Middle School
Gao RenShan
chekiang
Professor at Peking University
Jiang Hao
Member of the House of Representatives
Li Jida
Sichuan
French Specialist School
Sun Yunpeng
Zhengtai railway worker
Sun Jinchuan
Jiangning, Jiangsu
Shanghai-Nanjing railway worker
Li Qingshan
Weixian County, Shandong
Jiaoji railway worker
Nguyen Vinh Chao
Wuhu, Anhui
Xi Zhen (female)
Shanghai Pudong
Hao Keqin
Cangxian County, Hebei
Peking University Printing Plant
Wang Li
Fengtian Yingkou
Dalian Daily reporter
Xu Minghong
Tai Po, Guangdong
Lingzhi Domain
Xiangyin, Hunan
Jinghan Zhengzhou technician
Liu Zhidan
Shaanxi
Yulin Middle School
Chen Yi (Zhonghong)
Provincial Sino-French University
King Renxuan
Hunan First United Middle School
Kuang Wu Xun
Wu Ming
Hunan
Specialized courses in French
Zhao Zijian
Faculty member at Rotary School
Whispering
Anhui
Teacher of Wuhu Middle School
Chen Qixiu
Li Ji
Pingjiang, Hunan
Liu Xiaoshu
Mit
Geng Baizhao (Dan)
Wuchang Wenhua stayed in Britain
Shao Zhenqing (Piao Ping)
Editor-in-chief of Beijing News
Congratulations
Hengyang, Hunan
Third Teacher
Zhu Shengzhi (female)
Tian Boyang
University of the Republic of China
Pan Xinyuan
Liao Hanxing
Hengyang Third Division
Peng Zexiang
Sun Guangyu (Lang Gong)
Xiangtan, Hunan
North High Division
Li Shuqu (Must Be Removed, Bo Gang)
Wuchang
Wuchang foreign language
Yang Zhongjian
Chen Xingba
Zhou Changxian
Lu Shiyi
Wang Lixin
Xinyang Normal School
Tian Qizhao
Tang Hongjing
Dalian
Railroad workers
Founder and some members of the Marxist Theory Research Association of Peking University
According to Luo Zhanglong's "Records of Chunyuan" (Peking University's "Footprints of Battle" has slightly revised the place of origin of individuals)
The Marxist Theory Research Association was supported by the Peking University government, and President Cai Yuanpei not only spoke at the inaugural meeting of the Marx Theory Research Association, but also approved the two houses allocated by the school to Xi Zhai for the use of the Research Association. The Society used one of them to set up the "Kang Mu Yi Zhai" library, which was used for the collection, storage and lending of Marxist books.
Old photos of Kang Mu Yi Zhai
By February 6, 1922, the library had more than 40 kinds of Books in English and more than 20 kinds of books Chinese, covering socialist series, economic series, labor problem series, history series, Oriental question series, Russian question series and various magazines and newspapers. The purchase fee of the Marx Theory Research Association is "pledged by each person freely and within his ability", and the pledge "for those who have more than ten yuan, the ownership of the secretary, or to the public or private, may be voluntarily decided by the pledgee". Therefore, some of the books of Kang Mu Yi Zhai belong to the research society, and some are privately owned by individuals, but they can be read.
The "Circular (IV) of the Marxist Theory Research Society", published in the Journal of Peking University on February 6, 1922, introduced the collection of books at that time, and explained that four or five members would then purchase Books worth 140 yuan worth of English and German books.
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The 8 German documents with the seal of "Kang Mu Yi Zhai Books" on the cover of the Peking University Library are a witness to the spread of Marxism at Peking University and even the whole country in the early 20th century.
Research and dissemination
The Society for the Study of Marx doctrine "aims to study writings about the Max school." When it was first made public, the research methods were published, including "the collection of various books on the German, English, French, Japanese, Chinese of the Marxist Doctrine; seminars; lectures; and the compilation and publication of Max's complete works and other related papers." With the development of practice and the increase of membership, in February 1922, a notice was published announcing that the research methods were mainly "seminars, lectures, and special studies".
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Published in the November 17, 1921 journal Peking University Journal, "Initiation of the Marx Doctrine Research Society"
The "Circular of the Marx Theory Research Society (III)" published in the Journal of Peking University on February 2, 1922, detailed the research methods, membership procedures, membership fees, books and newspaper lending, staff and other contents.
Once a week, the seminar is scheduled for "7 p.m. every Saturday", first by a member to explain the content of the discussion topic and its main points, and then the participants will discuss, once the discussion is not completed, the next discussion will continue.
Once a month, "both members and non-members are welcome to listen freely", and in the initial stage, "celebrity scholars are invited to serve as lecturers", and when the later research meeting "has real achievements", it is hoped that it will be "completely self-appointed". On the afternoon of February 19, 1922, the Marx Theory Research Society held its first public lecture in the auditorium of the Second Academy of Peking University, and Li Dazhao gave a lecture on "Marx's Economic Theory". The Peking University Journal not only made a notice a day in advance, but also published the transcript of the speech on February 21.
On February 18, 1922, the bulletin of the first public lecture of the Marxist Theory Research Society was published in the Journal of Peking University
"Lectures on Marx's Economic Theory" published in the Journal of Peking University on February 21, 1922
Since then, the Society has organized lectures and commemorative meetings many times, and the audience was deeply attracted by the lectures, and the response was very strong. The Marxist Theory Research Association has developed day by day, and the influence of Marx's theory has also expanded.
On May 5, 1922, the Marxist Theory Research Association organized a commemorative meeting for the 140th anniversary of Marx's birth, and invited several professors Li Dazhao, Gu Mengyu, Chen Qixiu, and Gao Yihan to give speeches.
Special studies are group studies on different issues, and members can freely combine or join existing groups at any time. In February 1922, through free combination, three groups were formed: "Study of the Labor Movement", "Study of the Communist Manifesto" and "Study of the Far East", in addition to which the Society also formulated the "Materialist View of History", "Class Struggle", "Surplus Value", "The Three Periods of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Completion of Communism Predetermined by Marx", "The History of Socialism", "The Comparison of Various Socialisms and Their Criticisms", "The History of Economy and Economics", "The Russian Revolution and Its Construction", "The Study of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist Party of the Third International". The Reality of the Plundering of the World Capitalist Countries in the World's Weak and Small Peoples – Paying Special Attention to China" and ten other research groups. In March of the same year, the "Capital" research group was added, with Mr. Chen Qixiu as the mentor. Under this atmosphere of free research and discussion, the research level of the Marxist Theory Research Association is increasing day by day, and the understanding of Marxism is deepening day by day.
In order to better study, study and propagate Marxism, the Society has set up a translation room and organized several translation groups in German, Russian, English, French, and Japanese. The members of the German group are: Li Meitang, Wang Youde, Luo Zhanglong, Shang Zhangsun, and Song Tianfang. The members of the French group are: Wang Fusheng and Wang Maosheng" (Luo Zhanglong recalls). They translated a large number of Marxist works in foreign languages, and successively translated and published forty or fifty kinds of Marxism, including the Communist Manifesto, the Biography of Marx, the Ten Days that Shook the World, and Capital (Volume I), as well as books introducing the Russian Revolution.
On November 7, 1925, the Journal of Peking University published the "Notice of the Peking University Max Theory Research Association", in order to commemorate the eighth anniversary of the Soviet and Russian revolution, a grand lecture conference was held in the law hall of the Three Academies, and Wu Zhihui, Luo Jue, Zhao Shiyan, Chen Qixiu, Chen Hansheng, Tan Xihong, Mongolian representatives and other guests were invited to give speeches. This is the last record of the public activities of the Marxist Theory Research Association that can be seen so far. In early 1926, Zhang Zuolin, a warlord of the Feng clan who controlled power in Beijing, colluded with the warlord Wu Peifu to oppose the National Revolution, and in May publicly announced cooperation to "seek redness". Zhang Zuolin began to suppress the revolutionary movement in Beijing, and many progressive associations were unable to operate publicly. Since then, the Marxist Theory Research Society has not reported any public activities.
The "Notice of the Max Theory Research Society of Peking University" published in the Journal of Peking University on November 7, 1925
In the seven years from 1920 to 1926, the Marxist Theory Research Society of Peking University, based on Peking University, studied, studied, and propagated Marxism, relying on the academic resources of Peking University to study Marxist theory in depth, but also widely propagating Marxist thought among intellectuals and workers, training a large number of cadres and sending a large number of talents for party organizations, and making ideological and organizational preparations for the establishment and early development of the Communist Party of China organization.
Source: Peking University History Museum
Typography: Pumpkin sauce
Editor-in-charge: YiQi