MySQL存儲引擎：
表類型：
CREATE TABLE ... ENGINE=
注意：不建議使用交叉的存儲引擎
InnoDB：預設
處理大量的短期事務；
資料存儲于“表空間(table space)”中；
(1) 所有InnoDB表的資料和索引放置于同一個表空間中；（不推薦）
表空間檔案：datadir定義的目錄下
資料檔案：ibddata1, ibddata2, ...
(2) 每個表單獨使用一個表空間存儲表的資料和索引；
innodb_file_per_table=ON
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'innodb_file%';
+--------------------------+----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
| innodb_file_format | Antelope |
| innodb_file_format_check | ON |
| innodb_file_format_max | Antelope |
| innodb_file_per_table | ON |
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
檢視預設引擎
MariaDB [(none)]> show engines;
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
| MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Percona-XtraDB, Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO |
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
資料檔案(存儲資料和索引)：tbl_name.ibd,
表格式定義：tbl_name.frm
MariaDB [mydb]> create table t2 (id int, name char(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.69 sec)
[root@node3 data]# cd mydb/
[root@node3 mydb]# ls
db.opt t1.frm t1.ibd t2.frm t2.ibd
MariaDB [mydb]> show table status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: t1
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Compact
Rows: 2
Avg_row_length: 8192
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2015-10-23 19:33:56
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Name: t2
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Create_time: 2015-10-26 07:02:07
特性：
- 基于MVCC來支援高并發，支援所有的四個隔離級别，預設級别為REPEATABLE READ; 間隙鎖防止幻讀；
- 使用聚集索引
- 支援“自适應hash索引”
- 鎖粒度：行級鎖
總結：
- 資料存儲：表空間
- 并發：MVCC, 間隙鎖
- 索引：聚集索引、輔助索引
- 性能：預計操作、自适應hash、插入緩存區
- 備份：支援熱備(xtrabacup)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MyISAM：
- 支援全文索引(FULLTEXT index)、壓縮、空間函數(GIS); 但不支援事務，且為表級鎖；
- 崩潰後無法安全恢複
适用場景：隻讀（或者寫較少）、表較小（可以接受長時間進行修複操作）
替代者：Aria：crash-safe
檔案：
tbl_name.frm: 表格式定義
tbl_name.MYD: 資料檔案
tbl_name.MYI: 索引檔案
[root@node3 hellodb]# ls
classes.frm coc.frm courses.frm db.opt scores.MYI students.MYI teachers.MYI toc.MYD
classes.MYD coc.MYD courses.MYD scores.frm students.frm teachers.frm test.frm toc.MYI
classes.MYI coc.MYI courses.MYI scores.MYD students.MYD teachers.MYD toc.frm
加鎖和并發：表級鎖
修複：手工或自動修複、但可能丢失資料
索引：非聚集索引
延遲更新索引鍵：
壓縮表
行格式：dynamic, fixed, compressed, compact, redundent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
其它的存儲引擎：
CSV：将普通的CSV(字段通過逗号分隔)文本檔案作為MySQL表使用；
MRG_MYISAM：将多個MyISAM表合并成為一個虛拟表；
BLACKHOLE：類似于/dev/null，不真正存儲任何資料；級聯表有用
MEMORY：所有資料都儲存于記憶體中，記憶體表；支援hash索引；表級鎖；臨時表
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA：僞存儲引擎；
ARCHIVE：隻支援SELECT和INSERT操作；支援行級鎖和專用緩存區；用作歸檔的存儲引擎，很少使用
FEDERATED：用于通路其它遠端MySQL伺服器一個代理，它通過建立一個到遠端MySQL伺服器的用戶端連接配接，并将查詢傳輸到遠端伺服器執行，而後完成資料存取；在MariaDB的上實作是FederatedX
MariaDB支援的其它存儲引擎：OQGraph；SphinxSE；TokuDB；Cassandra；CONNECT；SQUENCE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
編譯安裝MYSQL
步驟：
- 安裝cmake
- 安裝包組"Development Tools" "Server Platform Development"
- 建立使用者
- 編譯安裝mysql-5.5.33
注意：5.5過後就要使用cmake
一、安裝cmake
跨平台編譯器
# tar xf cmake-2.8.8.tar.gz
# cd cmake-2.8.8
# ./bootstrap
# make
# make install
[root@node200 ~]# yum install cmake -y
安裝包組
[root@node200 ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Server Platform Development"
指定使用者
[root@node200 ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@node200 ~]# useradd -r -g 306 -u 306 mysql
[root@node200 ~]# id mysql
uid=306(mysql) gid=306(mysql) 組=306(mysql)
二、編譯安裝mysql-5.5.33
1、使用cmake編譯mysql-5.5
cmake指定編譯選項的方式不同于make，其實作方式對比如下：
./configure cmake .
./configure --help cmake . -LH or ccmake .
指定安裝檔案的安裝路徑時常用的選項：
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql
-DSYSCONFDIR=/etc
預設編譯的存儲引擎包括：csv、myisam、myisammrg和heap。若要安裝其它存儲引擎，可以使用類似如下編譯選項：
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
若要明确指定不編譯某存儲引擎，可以使用類似如下的選項：
-DWITHOUT_<ENGINE>_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
比如：
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITHOUT_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
-DWITHOUT_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
如若要編譯進其它功能，如SSL等，則可使用類似如下選項來實作編譯時使用某庫或不使用某庫：
-DWITH_READLINE=1
-DWITH_SSL=system
-DWITH_ZLIB=system
-DWITH_LIBWRAP=0
其它常用的選項：
-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci
-DWITH_DEBUG=0
-DENABLE_PROFILING=1
如果想清理此前的編譯所生成的檔案，則需要使用如下指令：
make clean
rm CMakeCache.txt
2、編譯安裝
# groupadd -r mysql
# useradd -g mysql -r -d /mydata/data mysql
# tar xf mysql-5.5.33.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.5.33
# cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/mydata/data \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DWITH_ZLIB=system \
-DWITH_LIBWRAP=0 \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci
# cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mariadb-5.5.44 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/mydata/data -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_SSL=system -DWITH_ZLIB=system -DWITH_LIBWRAP=0 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.48]# tar xf mariadb-5.5.48.tar.gz
[root@node200 ~]# cd mariadb-5.5.48
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.48]# ls
BUILD cmd-line-utils dbug include libmysqld packaging scripts strings vio
BUILD-CMAKE config.h.cmake debian INSTALL-SOURCE libservices plugin sql support-files win
client configure.cmake Docs INSTALL-WIN-SOURCE man randgen sql-bench tests zlib
cmake COPYING EXCEPTIONS-CLIENT KNOWN_BUGS.txt mysql-test README sql-common unittest
CMakeLists.txt COPYING.LESSER extra libmysql mysys regex storage VERSION
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.48]# cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mariadb-5.5.42 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/mydata/data -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_SSL=system -DWITH_ZLIB=system -DWITH_LIBWRAP=0 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# make
[root@node200 ~]# mkdir /mydata/date -pv ###資料目錄
mkdir: 已建立目錄 "/mydata"
mkdir: 已建立目錄 "/mydata/date"
建立邏輯卷
[root@node200 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physic
al): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0005a089
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 7859 62914560 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): n
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (7859-15665, default 7859): +20G
Value out of range.
First cylinder (7859-15665, default 7859):
Using default value 7859
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7859-15665, default 15665): +20G
Command (m for help): t
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 3 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
/dev/sda3 7859 10470 20979891 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 裝置或資源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@node200 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
[root@node200 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda3
Physical volume "/dev/sda3" successfully created
[root@node200 ~]# vgcreate myvg /dev/sda3
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@node200 ~]# lvcreate -L 10G -n mydata myvg
Logical volume "mydata" created.
[root@node200 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
mydata myvg -wi-a----- 10.00g
lv0 vg0 -wi-ao---- 2.00g
lv1 vg0 -wi-ao---- 10.00g
lv2 vg0 -wi-ao---- 10.00g
lv3 vg0 -wi-ao---- 38.00g
[root@node200 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mydata
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
檔案系統标簽=
作業系統:Linux
塊大小=4096 (log=2)
分塊大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一個資料塊=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
正在寫入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
建立目錄（自動挂載）
[root@node200 ~]# mkdir -pv /mydata
自動挂載
[root@node200 ~]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/myvg/mydata /mydata ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@node200 ~]# mount -a
[root@node200 ~]# mount
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv3 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv1 on /usr type ext4 (rw)
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv2 on /var type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /root/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev)
/dev/sr0 on /media/CentOS_6.7_Final type iso9660 (ro,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=0,gid=0,iocharset=utf8,mode=0400,dmode=0500)
/dev/mapper/myvg-mydata on /mydata type ext4 (rw)
[root@node200 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv3 ext4 38G 2.0G 34G 6% /
tmpfs tmpfs 491M 228K 491M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 36M 145M 20% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv1 ext4 9.8G 3.0G 6.3G 33% /usr
/dev/mapper/vg0-lv2 ext4 9.8G 523M 8.8G 6% /var
/dev/sr0 iso9660 3.7G 3.7G 0 100% /media/CentOS_6.7_Final
/dev/mapper/myvg-mydata
ext4 9.8G 23M 9.2G 1% /mydata
修改檔案屬性
[root@node200 ~]# mkdir /mydata/data
[root@node200 ~]# chown mysql.mysql /mydata/data
安裝檔案
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# make install
檢視安裝檔案
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# cd /usr/local/mariadb-5.5.42/
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# ls
bin COPYING.LESSER EXCEPTIONS-CLIENT INSTALL-BINARY man README share support-files
COPYING data include lib mysql-test scripts sql-bench
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# chown .mysql ./*
[root@node200 mariadb-5.5.42]# ll
總用量 220
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 bin
-rw-r--r--. 1 root mysql 17987 2月 13 2015 COPYING
-rw-r--r--. 1 root mysql 26545 2月 13 2015 COPYING.LESSER
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 data
-rw-r--r--. 1 root mysql 8245 2月 13 2015 EXCEPTIONS-CLIENT
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 include
-rw-r--r--. 1 root mysql 8694 2月 13 2015 INSTALL-BINARY
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:33 man
drwxr-xr-x. 11 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:33 mysql-test
-rw-r--r--. 1 root mysql 108813 2月 13 2015 README
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 scripts
drwxr-xr-x. 27 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 share
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:33 sql-bench
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root mysql 4096 2月 17 20:32 support-files
連結
[root@node200 local]# ln -sv mariadb-5.5.42/ mysql
"mysql" -> "mariadb-5.5.42/"
[root@node200 local]# ls
bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec mariadb-5.5.42 mysql sbin share src
[root@node200 local]# cd mysql/
[root@node200 mysql]# ls
[root@node200 mysql]# ll
初始化
[root@node200 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/mydata/data/
複制配置檔案
[root@node200 mysql]# cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf
修改配置檔案
[root@node200 mysql]# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 256M
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 256
sort_buffer_size = 1M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
thread_cache_size = 8
query_cache_size= 16M
# Try number of CPU's*2 for thread_concurrency
thread_concurrency = 8
datadir = /mydata/data
innodb_file_per_table = ON
skip_name_resolve = ON
複制服務
[root@node200 mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
添加啟動目錄
[root@node200 mysql]# chkconfig --add mysqld
[root@node200 mysql]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL... [确定]
[root@node200 mysql]# ss -tnl |grep 3306
LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:*
#做安全配置
[root@node200 mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_secure_installation
[root@node200 mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.42-MariaDB-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE "%ssl%"
-> ;
+---------------+----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
| have_openssl | DISABLED |
| have_ssl | DISABLED |
| ssl_ca | |
| ssl_capath | |
| ssl_cert | |
| ssl_cipher | |
| ssl_key | |
7 rows in set (0.06 sec)
添加到變量中
[root@node200 mysql]# vim /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@node200 mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@node200 mysql]# mysql
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
MariaDB [(none)]>
并發控制：
鎖：
讀鎖：共享鎖，阻止寫操作
寫鎖：獨占鎖
鎖粒度：
表級鎖
行級鎖，為了更多并發
鎖政策：在鎖粒度及資料安全性尋求的平衡機制；
每種存儲引擎都可以自行實作其鎖政策和鎖粒度；
MySQL在伺服器級也實作了鎖，表級鎖；使用者可顯式請求；
LOCK TABLES
tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type
[, tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type] ...
lock_type:
READ [LOCAL]
| [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE
UNLOCK TABLES
讀鎖
MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb;
Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> lock table students read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
顯示鎖
MariaDB [hellodb]> insert students (Name,Age,Gender) values ('aaa',2,'F');
解鎖
MariaDB [hellodb]> unlock tables;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 1 row affected (1 min 14.13 sec)
寫鎖
MariaDB [hellodb]> lock table students write;
MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 26 | jingjiao king | 100 | F | NULL | 1 |
| 27 | yingjiao King | 98 | M | NULL | 2 |
| 28 | aaa | 2 | F | NULL | NULL |
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