First, the redefinition of Fujian Tulou
Fujian Tulou is a giant building mainly distributed in the western and southern Fujian regions of Fujian, with outstanding defensive performance, the use of rammed earth walls and wooden structures to bear the same load, the living space along the periphery linear arrangement, and adapt to the equal settlement of large families.
Chuxi Tulou Group - Aerial view of Jiqinglou
Provided by Du Yafen, a student of the Cultural Relics Conservation Seminar of Peking University
Knowledge point 1: Are the buildings built by rammed earth walls called tulou? Many of the traditional Chinese wooden houses are made of rammed earth walls as an enclosure structure, rather than as a load-bearing structure, and the real load-bearing is the pillars of the wooden structure, so it will "fall on the wall and not collapse". As for the buildings that use rammed earth walls to bear the load, there are more in the counties where the Tulou is located in Fujian. If you understand it from the literal point of the two words of Tulou, and a large number of small rammed earth buildings are classified as Fujian Tulou, then there are such rammed earth buildings almost everywhere in the north and south of the great river, not to mention the countries of the world, so where is the uniqueness of Fujian Tulou? Does the uniqueness of Fujian Tulou still exist? It is also said that "there is no one in the world."
Nanjingzhai River Old Building
Knowledge point 2: Is Hakka Tulou equivalent to Fujian Tulou? Many people think that Hakka Tulou is the same as Fujian Tulou, but in fact these are two concepts. Hakka Tulou is just one type of Tulou in Fujian. In addition to the very distinctive Hakka Tulou, there are also Minnan Tulou and Northeast Guangdong Tulou. The main reason for this deviation is that the concept of Hakka Tulou was discovered and developed early, and its concept has long been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, while minnan Tulou only began to appear in academic magazines in the early 1980s. Although the appearance of the two is extremely similar, their internal layout is far from the same: the Hakka Tulou is the layout of the inner corridor, and the Minnan Tulou is the unit layout.
Hongkeng Tulou Group - Aerial View of Zhencheng Building Provided by Du Yafen, a student of the Cultural Relics Protection Seminar of Peking University
Second, the distribution of Tulou in Fujian
Knowledge point 1: In which areas are Fujian Tulou? Fujian Tulou consists of a total of 46 tulous in the "six groups and four floors" of Yongding, Nanjing and Hua'an counties, and in 2008, Fujian Tulou was officially included in the World Heritage List.
Location of Tulou in Yongding County, Fujian Province
World Heritage Convention Declaration of Cultural Heritage: China, Fujian Tulou
Location of Tulou in Nanjing County, Fujian Province
Location of Tulou in Hua'an County, Fujian Province
The core area and buffer zone of the Chuxi Tulou Group
Map of the core area and buffer zone of the Hongkeng Tulou Group
Map of the core area and buffer zone of the Gaobei Tulou Group
Map of the core area and buffer zone of Yanxiang Building
Core area and buffer map of Zhenfu Building
Map of the core area and buffer zone of the Tianluokeng Tulou Group
Map of the core area and buffer zone of the Hekeng Tulou Group
HuaiyuanLou core area and buffer zone map
and your building core area and buffer zone map
Map of the core area and buffer zone of the Earth Tulou Group
The core area and buffer zone of fujian tulou
Chuxi Tulou Group
Core area and buffer zone tulou group
High North Tulou Group
Tianluokeng Tulou Group
and pit tulou group
Third, the shape of Fujian Tulou
1. Circular tulou
Among the Fujian tulou, the round building is undoubtedly the most unique and eye-catching type. This kind of circular, large-scale, large-family collective house is unique in the world. Fujian RoundHouse has been preliminarily counted for a total of more than 1,300, of which there are more than 500 inner corridor round buildings and about 800 single round buildings. Most of the round buildings have three or four floors.
Chuxi Tulou Group - Aerial view of FuqingLou
According to the different layout of its building, Fujian RoundHouse can be divided into three forms: inner corridor round building, unit round building and variant form round building. (1) Inner corridor type earth round building [Huaiyuan Building: typical of inner corridor round house]
Huang Hanmin,"Fujian Tulou"
Huaiyuanlou History: It is located in Kanxia Village, Meilin Town, Nanjing County. It was built from the 31st year of QingGuangxu (1905) to the first year of Xuan reunification (1909), which lasted for five years, and was built by the 16th Jian Xinxi brothers who lived in Burma and the overseas Chinese in Burma, Jian Xinsheng and Jian Xinsong. In order to commemorate the people who made a living in the ocean, the name of the building was "Huaiyuan". Tulou is still well preserved. Huaiyuan Building Structure: Huaiyuan Building covers an area of 1132 square meters, the gate faces south, and the whole building is composed of two parts: a circular earthen building with a diameter of 38 meters and a central circular ancestral hall. The circular earthen building is four stories high, the outer earthen wall is rammed earth wall, and the rest is a wooden bucket structure. There are 34 bays around the ring, and 4 stairs are evenly distributed along the ring. Except for the open room where the foyer is located, which is an open hall, there are 29 rooms on each floor. The rooms on the ground floor are used as kitchens and dining rooms, the second floor is used as a barn, and the third and fourth floors are used as bedrooms. The bedroom is fan-shaped, 2.6 meters wide along the corridor side, 3.1 meters wide on the side of the outer wall, 3.35 meters deep in the room, and the area is less than 10 square meters. The bedrooms are the same size and are equal to all ages. The bedrooms are separated by adobe walls. On the inside of the second to fourth floors, there is a horse corridor to connect the rooms, so it is called the "inner corridor", and the width of the corridor is 1.2 meters. The third and fourth floors of the horse walking corridor are equipped with waist eaves to protect the rain, and the space under the eaves can be stored. There is only one entrance gate throughout the round building, and the earthen walls around the gate are decorated with white ash. Above the gate is a huge plaque with three large characters in the book "Huaiyuan Lou", flanked by the famous building and the inscription "Huai Yi De Dun Yi Ren Cultivate Qi and Obey the Ancestral Precepts, Far and Near the Mountains and Near the Waters by Virtue and Relying on the Spirit of the People to Cultivate People", reflecting the landlord's life philosophy and ideological pursuit.
(2) The basic feature of the unit-type round building is that the whole building is divided into several units equally, each unit is a household, each with its own entrance, inner courtyard, room, and exclusive staircase up and down, mainly distributed in the two major Hakka folk systems in Fujian Province, and the Fulao folk areas, reflecting the Fulao people's efforts to maintain family ties while paying attention to meeting the requirements of privacy, independence and comfort of each family. 【Longmi Building is a typical unitary round building】
Located in Huangtian Village, Jiufeng Town, Pinghe County, LongmiLou was built during the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1662-1722), with an outer diameter of 82 meters, 50 bays around the ring, a thickness of 1.7 meters on the outer wall, and only one gate. The round building is a unit layout, each bay is a separate living unit, the units are completely separated from each other, and they are not connected to each other. It is completely different from the layout of the inner corridor roundhouse, so it is called "unitary". The standard unit is a narrow and long fan-shaped plane, the width of the entrance is only 2 meters, the width of the outer wall is about 5 meters, and the depth of the unit is 21.6 meters. Each family enters from the doorway located on the side of the inner courtyard. The layout of each unit is the same, and after entering the door, it is the front yard, the front hall, the small patio, the back hall and the bedroom. The bedroom has three floors and has a dedicated staircase.
(3) Round buildings in the form of variations
Jinjiang Building It is composed of three concentric circular earthen buildings, the inner ring building is three stories high, the central ring is one floor, and the outer ring is also one floor, but the height is much shorter than the central ring. 【Jinjiang Building: Representative of Special Forms in Fujian Round Building】
The characteristics of Jinjiang Building: not only in its layout and shape, but also in its solid and solid defense system. Three rings are stacked to form three lines of defense. The outer earthen walls of the Inner ring and central ring are particularly solid. The bottom layer of the inner ring is a granite strip stone wall, up to 1.2 meters thick; the second layer is a rammed earth wall, 90 cm thick; the third layer is also a rammed earth wall, 68 cm thick. The outer wall of the bottom floor does not open a window, the ring remains for shooting, the second floor above only opens small windows, the frame window and the vertical chess are made of strips of stone, forming a narrow window hole, can shoot down, and it is convenient to launch the detonator: the outer wall of the central ring is 95 cm thick, and the outer ring of its single-slope ring roof does not have an eaves, but a rammed earth daughter wall that is more than one meter high, and the daughter wall is a 1.3-meter-wide red tile paved circular roof runway, with a circumference of more than 120 meters. A gun hole was opened not far from the upper part of the daughter's wall, apparently to facilitate shooting and rescue. On the roof of the inner and central foyer openings protrude a watchtower, commonly known as the "swallow tail", which lives alone in the center and stands tall to watch the surrounding movements. The outer walls of the inner ring and the central ring are also not ordinary rammed earth walls, but are built with three-in-one rammed earth, mixed with glutinous rice milk and brown sugar water, so they are extremely solid.
Second, square tulou In Fujian tulou, square building is the most numerous and most varied type. The total number of square buildings in Fujian is more than 1,200. Among them, there are more than 900 corridor-type square buildings and about 300 unit-type square buildings. The vast majority of the inner corridor-style square buildings are square or rectangular. The common plane of the unit-type square building is the square in front and the two winds in the back, and there are also a few square planes with four corners and circles.
According to its different layout, Fujian square tulou can also be divided into three forms: inner corridor square building, unit square building, and variant form square building. (1) Inner corridor square building and noble building: typical of inner corridor square building
And your building is a typical example of an inner corridor-style square building. It is located in Pushan Village, Meilin Town, Nanjing County. According to the "Genealogy of the Jane Clan", this building was built in the 10th year of Qing Yongzheng (1732) by the 13th Jian Dynasty of the Jian Dynasty. When the earthen building was built to the third floor, because the foundation was a silt layer, the building body was seriously sunk, so it had to be demolished and rebuilt. They came up with a way to lay the groundwork with pine stakes, build one floor a year, and finally build a four-story earthen building. In 1864, the first half of the tulou was burned by the Taiping Army, and when it was rebuilt, it was added one floor to become the current five-story tulou. The highest point of the outer wall of the Tulou is 18.2 meters, which is the highest height of the Tulou Tulou Tulou. At its peak, the building was inhabited by more than 300 people. Hegui Building is composed of lou and cuo, the building is a five-storey square earthen building, 36.6 meters wide, 28.6 meters deep, sitting west and facing east, only one gate to enter.
(2) The unit-type square building Xishuang Building is a typical unit-type square building
Xishuang Building is a typical unit-type square building. It is located in Xi'an Village, Xiazhai Town, Pinghe County. The square floor is 86 meters wide and 94 meters deep, and the plane is rectangular with four corners and circles. The square building is surrounded by three-storey tulou single-family small units, each household occupies a studio, from the bottom floor to the top floor and the adjacent units are completely separated, no corridor connection, into an independent unit. Therefore, the earthen building with such a layout is called a unit square building. (3) Variant form square building [ Qingyan building ]
The most prominent feature of the Qingyan Building in Qinxi Village, the old town of Zhangpu County, is that in the four corners of the square building at 28 meters square, it protrudes four semi-circular corner towers with a radius of 2.5 meters in the shape of a windmill, which is called the Swastika By locals. The plane resembles a windmill, so it is also called "windmill building". The outer wall of the tulou is 1.25 meters thick, and the inner partition wall is 0.25 meters thick, all of which are rammed with three-in-one earth. The ground floor of the outer wall is made of strips of stone masonry, surrounded by wide gun holes, and the four corner towers that protrude are more conducive to defense. The conical tile roof of the semi-rounded corner building and the sloped roof of the square building are cleverly combined, which together with the towering earthen wall and the base of the strip stone constitute a unique shape of the ancient castle, which is a rare form in the Fujian tulou.
Third, the mutated form of the earthen building
In addition to the two basic types of round buildings and square buildings, there are also some mutant forms of tulou that are difficult to classify, and although the number is not large, it is very distinctive. They combine the terrain, have a free layout, and have a unique form, and are an extremely precious part of Fujian Tulou architecture.
In the field building
Half Moon Building
DaoYun Building
Purple Building
As the carrier of regional folk culture, Fujian Tulou is the world's unique architectural heritage, the advantage of regional cultural resources, the construction of regional cultural characteristics and differentiation of important cultural resources in the world, and the basis of cultural identity and self-confidence. We have the responsibility to cherish it, protect it, and consciously tilt towards protection when there is a conflict between construction and protection, which is the choice of scientific development. What's more, in the historical stage of the continent's super-speed development, its protection has rescue significance. We must not let the collective memory and vivid heritage of the fujian tulou people gradually disappear, and we must not let the fujian tulou, an entity that people still feel and touch, become an empty imagination that cannot be touched in the depths of people's hearts. Only by allowing Tulou residents to firmly establish their identification and self-confidence in Tulou culture can Tulou residents truly become the main body of Tulou protection and ensure the sustainable development of Tulou.
Source: 1. Huang Hanmin's "Fujian Tulou"; Straits Publishing and Distribution Group, Straits Literature and Art Publishing House; 2. World Heritage Convention Declaration of Cultural Heritage: China, "Fujian Tulou", "Fujian Tulou" Editorial Board Editor 3.Some pictures are provided by Du Yafen, a student of the Cultural Relics Protection Seminar of Peking University; the article is only for study and exchange, if there is infringement, please leave a message in the background to inform. Welcome friends who love traditional architecture to share relevant knowledge and learn and communicate together