«——【Preamble】】 ——»
In 1274, after General Boyan's army occupied Nangyang and Fansu in Hubei, he decided to launch a large-scale attack on Jiangnan in order to capture Hangzhou. What happened after Boyan's army rapidly advanced along the south bank of the Yangtze River and captured Jinkang?
«——【Wuxing in the early Yuan Dynasty】——»
Starting from this important base, the Yuan Dynasty army marched to Hangzhou in three directions. When the Left Route Army captured the land and water territory of Haiyin and occupied Cangzhou and Pingjiang (Suzhou) with the main force, the Right Route Army went straight to the capital Hangzhou along the western shore of Taihu Lake.
At that time, Wu Xing was between the main force and the right army. In 1275, at Dusong Pass, a western suburb of Wuxing, the Song and Yuan armies fought a fierce battle. Although the Song army had the advantage of using the mountains as a barrier, it was defeated by the Yuan army, which continued to attack Wuxing.
The county magistrate, Zhao Chunliang, tried to lead the resistance despite the famine, but was routed by the Yuan army, and he and his wife hanged themselves, becoming martyrs of the Song Dynasty. In January 1276, when Hangzhou was about to fall, Boyan moved his headquarters from Jinkang to Wuxing and negotiated with the Song court.
In February, he entered Hangzhou, took the young emperor and the two empress dowagers hostage, and sent them to Dadu (Beijing) in the company of court officials. According to Zhou Mi's personal experience, Wu Xing suffered considerable losses in this war.
In 1276, his family's house burned down and all their possessions, including a large collection of books, were lost. Many of the great seowon were not spared. It is not difficult to imagine that this war directly brought heavy losses to Wu Xing's cultural life.
After the Huzhou region was conquered by the Mongols, it became a new administrative unit. The agent of the Daru Huachi Empire was set up in Wuxing and governed six administrative regions. From then on, the region was governed by northern officials, who were close associates sent by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the entire Yuan Dynasty, except for one, twenty Daru Huachi were either Mongols or outsiders. The destruction and change of the war did not destroy the early culture of Wu Xing. To a certain extent, these events played a certain role in promoting the cultural traditions of the local Han scholars in Gongzhou
Due to the collapse of the Song Dynasty, many intellectuals in Wuxing were forced to end their official careers and return to Wuxing. Qian Xuan and Zhao Mengzhuo were famous scholars and artists who returned to Wuxing during this period and lived a hermit life, and they brought with them the local colors of some parts of the south.
Many literati and scholars also chose to live here, adding glory to the cultural and artistic development of Wuxing.
As we all know, in a very short period of time after the fall of the Song Dynasty, groups of scholars and poets like "Wu Xing Bajun" became famous. Among them, the most prominent groups are Qian Xuan and Zhao Mengzhuo.
Both of them were students of Wu Xing scholar Ao Jigong. Fang was the most famous scholar of Wu Xing in the thirteenth century. He not only recruited students locally, but also throughout the country. According to some books, Qian Xuan and Fang were engaged in research work together.
In a letter to Wu Cheng (1249-1333), Zhao Mengzhuo wrote: Fang was his teacher. Although the records are not sufficient, it is very likely that they are all students of Ao. According to records: Ao Jigong is a native of Changle, Fujian, but has been living a frugal life in Wuxing.
During the Song Dynasty, he was admitted to the Jinshi. He did not choose a career in public service, but devoted himself to the study of art. In the middle of Emperor Chengzong, Ao was recommended for the position of teacher in Xinzhou, Jiangxi, but died before he could take office.
Wuxing, as an important Confucian research center, continued until the early Yuan Dynasty, at least until the period of Fang Jigong. Unfortunately, the only surviving manuscript of his writings is a posthumous commentary on the etiquette of the Han dynasty, which makes it impossible to argue his scholarly value.
Moreover, most of his students' writings ended in the same way. Among those works that did seek his advice, only some of Zhao Meng's works still exist, and the rest of the literary works of "Bajun" are all lost.
Although the title of the book is still there, there is little about the doctrine of the family and literary activities. The above records show that in the early Yuan Dynasty, Wu Xing was indeed an important research center for Confucianism. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Wu Xing also played a very important role in Shang.
It is mainly manifested in the fact that it is a source of talent for officials of the New Yuan Dynasty. Cheng Jufu was one of the first southerners to win the trust of the world lord Kublai Khan. He began his tenure in the Yuan dynasty in 1276. At first, after Kublai Khan's special training, he traveled through the south.
Of the remaining recruits, only a few can only be identified by local origin. Among them, Zhang Bochun is from Jiaxing, which is adjacent to Wuxing, and is a close relative of Zhao Mengzhuo, and several others are from Wuxing, and some have refused the invitation.
It is impossible to accurately identify how many Wuxing scholars Chen Jufu absorbed, and the record of his several trips to the south to complete this task is very incomplete. However, judging from his account of Qian Xuan's life, it proves that he must have been in contact with many scholars in Wuxing.
«——【·“ Hachijun "·]——»
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zu Ang (Zhao Mengqiu) was their leader, and Songju (Qian Xuan) was also one of them. During the Yuan Dynasty (1264-1295), Zu Ang was recommended to the imperial court, and everyone else served as officials under his patronage. Only Songju has a different attitude and spends his life reciting poetry and painting.
In any case, seven of the "Eight Juns" accepted the positions of the Yuan Dynasty. This fact shows that due to Chen Jufu's policy of absorbing new members, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty combined the knowledge of Han culture and art. Therefore, Wuxing was a gathering place for all kinds of talents in the early Yuan Dynasty.
Obviously, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the influence of Wuxing's cultural and artistic role was huge. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wuxing was an important county seat near Hangzhou, Kyoto. In the Yuan Dynasty, although it was transported away from the capital of Kyoto, Wu Xing continued to play an important role due to the new connection with the Yuan court.
Zhao Mengzhuo, the most prominent figure in the south who moved to Dadu, strengthened his ties with the intellectuals in the south. In the North, where he spent many years with many people, the experience here opened their minds and opened their eyes to the point that they returned to the South to learn new experiences.
Wuxing was a major art center in the early Yuan Dynasty Since 1127, the Southern Song Academy has dominated the field of art with a series of distinct personalities and creative spirits, but the most creative period in the history of the Southern Song Dynasty Academy ended with Ma Yun and Xia Si.
Although we do not have the exact date of the production of these arts, they were indeed quite active in the first quarter of the thirteenth century. By the middle term, and especially in the last decade, there were no more major leaders and innovators.
In 1276, the Mongols conquered the Southern Song Dynasty and established the capital in the north, and Hangzhou lost its role. Although it remained an important cultural and artistic center in the later period, other centers gradually formed and began to dominate.
The most important of them is Wu Xing, where there are many artistic talents, and the enthusiasm of intellectuals is quite high, which provides favorable conditions for the development of culture and art, and in the early Yuan Dynasty, the most important painters in Wu Xing were Qian Xuan and Zhao Mengzhuo.
Although they are almost a generation apart, they have always maintained a close friendship. At that time, Qian was about forty years old, and Zhao Meng was only in his twenties. What made Wu Xing flourish the most was the close cooperation between Qian Xuan and Zhao Mengqiu.
Qian Xuan, with his status as a remnant of the Southern Song Dynasty and his loyal status, won the respect of many intellectuals who grew up and served in the Southern Song Dynasty and did not have the desire to do things for foreign dynasties. As these intellectuals were frustrated under the new regime, Qian Xuan became a symbol of their loyalty to the Song dynasty.
Zhao Mengzhuo was the most important southerner among the Yuan officials, which was the envy of those who pursued to work in the Yuan. In this way, their cooperation was an inspiration and influence to all the intellectuals of the Yuan Dynasty. Furthermore, regardless of their different views, they are based on the common cultural and artistic ideas
In the early Yuan Dynasty, dissatisfaction with the art of the Southern Song Dynasty was widespread. Although this sentiment does not come entirely from Wuxing, it is mainly the people from that area who are moving behind. At that time, there was a very important art review "Tang Jun's Painting Theory" on this point, and the attitude was very clear.
«——【·Conclusion·】——»
Tang Bao did not live in Wuxing, but he had frequent contact with Zhao. He sees Zhao as one of the two most important painters that have emerged in China since the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, his artistic views have been greatly influenced by Zhao
Dissatisfaction with the art of the Southern Song Dynasty promoted not only painting, but also literature. In the preface to the collection of Fang Shuken, the king of Wuxing, Zhao Mengqiu wrote: In the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, classical scholars put aside classical principles and fell in love with their own masterpieces, and established their own bizarre sensational theories
Information sources:
Under Mongol rule