«——【Preamble】】 ——»
Yuanzhongdu used to be a historical mystery, which disappeared from people's vision for hundreds of years, and thus produced many historical misunderstandings and cognitive gaps. Through the efforts of archaeologists and historians in recent years, what is its true identity?
«——【Restore the original appearance·】——»
It has become a very urgent and meaningful thing for more people to know about it and return it to its original form. In the history of the Yuan Dynasty, there were two Zhongdu. One of them is in today's Beijing, which was named Zhongdu in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1265) and changed to Dadu in the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1273).
Emperor Yuan Shun was destroyed in the eighteenth year of his reign, that was in 1358, and the hatred of the Red Turban Army burned all its ground buildings. It eventually degenerated into a ruin of ruins and weeds.
It has disappeared from people's sight in more than 200 years, making it the so-called Sand City, Baichengzi, and North Yangcheng inconsistent, and finally deduced into the illusory Liao General Baizuo's home slope and the terrifying ghost domain.
This historical misunderstanding originated in the 23rd year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1758) written by Huang Kerun (Koubei Santang Chronicles), there is an old slope, a famous sand city, there is a sea in the northwest, and the beauty of the goose and wild goose is full of it. In this way, after Huang Kerun, the ruins of Zhongdu were examined as North Yangcheng for the first time from the perspective of historiography.
In the twenty-third year of the Republic of China (1934), Xu Wenshi's "Zhangbei County Chronicles" completely inherited Huang Shuo, and this record is obviously unjustifiable, that is, the imperial city and the livestock trading ground cannot be unified.
«——【Establishment of Yuanzhongdu·】——»
In the twenty-fourth year of the Republic of China, the "General Chronicles of Chahar Province" came out, and the book used Xu Wenshi's statement, but it did not say that it was "to be examined" after the establishment of New China. Even in 1981, the relevant departments of Zhangbei County still confirmed that it was the North Yangcheng by the tree monument protection site.
History has its own humor and fairness, and the misunderstanding that originated from the historians was finally resolved by the historians. In the early 90s of the 20th century, the historians of Zhangbei County conducted an arduous field investigation of the site now known as Baichengzi and obtained a lot of valuable things.
So there was a new thinking about the Baichengzi site. Finally, it was confirmed that it was not a livestock trading ground in Beiyangcheng, but the site of the prominent Yuan Zhongdu. More than 20 experts and scholars submitted 12 academic papers.
There is no doubt that the Baichengzi site is undoubtedly the site of the central capital of Yuan, and more effective excavations have been carried out since then. Archaeological discoveries are of great significance to the study of the history of the Yuan Dynasty, and even the history of Liaojin, as well as the political, economic, and cultural development of the local area.
Although history has caught and hidden with us once, in the end, we can't help but expose people's endless pursuits, show the original purpose, and let us see the truth of a history.
Yuanzhongdu has become an unshirkable responsibility for us.
On the first day of June in the 11th year of Yuan Dade (1307), Wuzong Haishan, who had just ascended the throne for 10 days, had not yet taken care of promulgating any new ones. He hadn't even completely unloaded the dust of the long road he had brought back from Mobei, so he ordered the officials of the CCB to establish the palace as the central capital in the land of Wangwu Chadu.
"Yuan Shi Wu Zongji" This is a very small order, because it is not easy to build a capital city outside the sparsely populated Sai!
The Ministry of Industry is the dispatched agency of the Ministry of Industry, and the purpose of the Ministry of Industry is obviously to plan and lead the construction of the new capital. Half a year later, in the first month of the first spring of the first year of the Great Dynasty (1308), the so-called Six Guards, including Shangduwei, referred to the guards of the Yuan court.
These more than 20,000 people are just construction laborers, and there should be many craftsmen. It's really a huge construction team, so the speed of construction is amazing. In July of the same year, the "Wangwucha Duxing Palace" lasted exactly one year from the motion to the completion of the palace.
Still, it's too fast. Because it was not a private house and a grass hut, but an official palace. From the mobilization of the construction team to the completion of the palace, the actual construction time was only 4 months outside the cold and freezing plug. The speed of building an official palace in 4 months is almost mythical.
Therefore, today, whether we look at the remaining corner tower platform or from some unearthed building components, its engineering quality is relatively rough. But in any case, a palace was erected. Wu Zong was overjoyed and issued a series of commands.
«——[Military Institution of Full Defense]——»
The determination and courage of Yuanwuzong to build the capital. Here, we will not discuss whether Haishan was a good emperor or not, nor analyze whether his approach to building a capital in Wangwu Chadu was at a loss, but it is true that he was a resolute soldier.
Wuzong Haishan was the great-grandson of Kublai Khan. His father, Thorn Ma Ba Thorn, was the brother of Chengzong Timur and died very young. Yuan Wuzong reigned for only 4 years and died of illness without seeing the complete completion of the middle capital. This is a real regrettable thing.
There is an even more regrettable thing that he did not see, that is, the new Ren case, that is, Haishan's younger brother, Aiyuli Bali Bada stepped down at the beginning of his power, and the abolition of these functional organs actually banned the qualification of the capital of Zhongdu. The middle capital city has since been left in the cold. Later generations of emperors only had the pleasure of patrolling by chance.
Later, because of a vicious incident of dove wine and brother murder here, the city was even more slaughtered. It was the second year of the Tianli calendar (1329) when Emperor Taiding was in Shangdu.
This incident caused the former capital to lose its popularity completely. No one has been there since. According to Zhou Boqi's records, 25 years later, that is, in the fourth year of Zhizheng (1354), Emperor Yuan Shun visited the capital, and Zhou Boqi obeyed.
On the way back to Dadu, only 25 years have passed, but Emperor Shun's tone seems to be talking about a long-term old thing, which shows how decadent the Zhongdu was at that time. After the completion of the Zhongdu Guanque, what it looked like has not been inserted in the literature.
Zhongdu is a typical triple city set, sitting in the north and facing south, by the outline city, the imperial city, the palace city back shape set together, this is the imperial city pattern of the imperial city momentum. Of all the discovered Yuan Dynasty city sites, only the Yuan Dadu is in this pattern, and even Shangdu cannot be compared with it.
There are 27 obvious building sites protruding from the ground in the official city. Miyagi Center Daihatsu is located at the intersection of the north-south-east and west-west lines of the four gates. Four avenues lead directly to the four gates of the palace city, the main hall has 3 layers of pedestals, the middle floor is 90 meters long from north to south, and the middle part is sub-waist because of the division of the front and rear halls.
It is 48 meters wide from east to west. The east and west corners of the front hall are turned back 3 times, and the east and west corners of the apse are turned back 3 times. There are a total of 7 14-level treadways on the second and third floors. The front hall treadway leads directly to the south gate, the middle royal road is 7 meters wide, and the ministers on both sides are 5.5 meters wide.
Its dragon head carving is delicate, the knife is skillful, the lines are smooth, the image is realistic, and it can be called the best. The unearthed tiles and dripping water all have dragon patterns, and the owl kiss is also in the shape of a dragon. There is a square bluestone slab under the floor tiles at 1/3 of the central axis of the front hall, and six grids are drawn vertically and horizontally on the board, a total of 36 grids.
There is a group of eight Sipa numbers in each grid, and the sum of six groups of numbers in each line of vertical and horizontal and diagonal lines is 111, which is called the six six magic squares. This town object has been found in the archaeological excavations of the Anxi Royal Mansion in Xi'an.
Based on the above findings, it is not difficult for anyone with a little imagination to sketch a scene that is not only spectacular but also brilliant for the former middle capital. It was a splendid official palace, and the glazed tiles on the corner tower and the palace wall shone brightly under the blue sky.
From a certain point of view, the rise of Yuanzhongdu is a miracle and a historical mystery. And its rapid decline and annihilation are equally a miracle and a mystery. So far, we have not been able to analyze the real intention and reason for the construction of the Central Capital by Yuan Wuzong.
It is also unbelievable that under the technical and environmental conditions of the time, a capital city could be built in such a short time. It is even more incomprehensible that a capital city built with all its national strength will be easily abandoned. It is also impossible to understand how a capital of a dynasty could disappear from the historical Zhuye.
As a result, it has been missing for hundreds of years. These require constant research and exploration. But one thing we know very well is that Yuanzhong is by no means the product of mature thinking and scientific argumentation.
«——【·Conclusion·】——»
The transience of the fate of the central capital city fully illustrates this point. Scholars and experts have made a lot of arguments and speculations about the rise and fall of the central capital, and many people attribute the short life of the central capital to the replacement of personnel, which is only the surface of the matter.
In fact, many historical facts in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, have long told us that all products that violate objective laws will not be eternal. The rise and fall of the central capital city is the best interpretation of this truth. That's our priority.
Information sources:
《元史》