Regarding the origin of the Xiongnu, Sima Qian recorded it very clearly in the "Historical Records · the Biography of the Xiongnu", and believed that it was a branch of China after the Xia Dynasty.
The Xiongnu, the descendants of their ancestor Xia Hou, are also called Chunwei. Above Tang Yu, there are Shanrong, Lynx, and meat porridge, which live in the northern barbarians and move with animal husbandry. Migrating from water to grass, the city is often in the field of farming, but each has its own land.
It was only in the process of westward migration that the Yueshi, Loulan, Wusun, Hujie and the 26 other countries were fused to form a new race, the Xiongnu. People have believed in Sima Qian's conclusion for thousands of years, but modern DNA testing has subverted this conclusion.
Interpretation of DNA
From 2003 to 2007, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, a France geneticist, conducted a series ·of analyses of Xiongnu aristocratic tombs found in northern Mongolia.
She selected the current locals, modern Mongolia, modern Yakutia, and modern Anatolian Turkey at the burial site, and compared their DNA with the Y chromosome, mitochondria, and autosomes of the ancient Huns, and found that the current Mongolians are the most similar to the ancient Huns, and then believed that the modern Mongolians are the descendants of the ancient Huns.
Ten years later, the study was reported as news on the Chinese Internet
However, the sensational Chinese network ignores the details of Christine · Kesser-Trucky's study: 3 out of 46 Xiongnu individuals have a haplotype group of U, which is a European type. This shows that the Xiongnu were not a single ethnic entity, but a federation of steppe tribes, and the yellow and white races of the eastern and western steppes were once unified under the rule of the powerful Xiongnu.
Does this mean that the "westward migration of the Xiongnu" is a wrong history, and that the genetic descendants of the Northern Xiongnu did not leave the steppes of North Asia, but evolved into today's Mongolia?
The answer, of course, is no.
A long-standing question in molecular anthropology is whether the DNA study of burials in a single region is representative of the entire population. The presence of a small number of European haplotype U in the Xiongnu tombs in the Egyin Gol area, adopted by France scholars, indicates that the composition of the Xiongnu was not a blood-related ethnic group. Modern Mongolia clearly find it difficult to inherit such a diverse ethnic composition.
Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup types in six populations in East Asia, including Han, Korea, Mongolia, Manchu, Evenki, and Japan, no population has more than one haplotype. The organizational basis of traditional society, the kinship system, is not a purely biological kinship system.
Of course, a distinction must be made here between the Huns. According to the cultural and NDA analysis of Xiongnu tombs, the Southern Xiongnu and the Northern Xiongnu were very different. The Northern Xiongnu originated from the stone tomb culture of Mongolia, and most of its Y chromosomes are R, J, E, etc., which have great connections with the peoples of West Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe; The Southern Xiongnu originated from the Ordos culture, and its Y chromosomes are mainly O3 and C2, of which the proportion of O3 is very high, and the main body of the Han nationality is O3.
After the division of the Xiongnu Khanate, the nobles of the Northern Xiongnu continued to be enemies of the Han, and eventually moved westward and merged with the ethnic groups of Central Asia and Eastern Europe to form the Huns; The Southern Xiongnu chose to attach themselves to the Han Dynasty and continued to live in the area of Mo Nan (Hetao) and became the subjects of the Han Dynasty. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Southern Xiongnu further moved south to Shanxi and became the vanguard of the "Five Hu Chaohua". After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a large number of Xiongnu tribes were integrated into the Han people. DNA tests on the surnames of Huyan, Hu, Murong, Yuchi, Helian, and Yuwen of the descendants of the Southern Xiongnu show that their O3 is dominant.
Although the Xiongnu disappeared as a nation, their cultural customs were still partially preserved. Taking the "Hu Ji", which is now mainly popular in Mongolia, Russia, and China's Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, as an example, although the Hu Hu is a Xiongnu musical instrument, its spread and inheritance have long exceeded the Xiongnu.
Statement: The text and pictures are reproduced on the Internet, the content has not been verified, if there is any infringement, please contact to delete.