Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...
"""
#创建 Beautiful Soup 对象
soup =BeautifulSoup(html)#打开本地 HTML 文件的方式来创建对象#soup = BeautifulSoup(open('index.html'))
#格式化输出 soup 对象的内容
print soup.prettify()
输出结果:
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's storyOnce upon a time there were three little sisters;andtheir names were
,Lacie
and
Tillie;andthey lived at the bottom of a well.
...
如果我们在IPython2下执行,会看到这样一段警告:
意思是,如果我们没有显式地指定解析器,所以默认使用这个系统的最佳可用HTML解析器(“LXML”)。如果你在另一个系统中运行这段代码,或者在不同的虚拟环境中,使用不同的解析器造成行为不同。
但是可以我们通过soup = BeautifulSoup(html,“lxml”)方式指定LXML解析器。
四.bs4的四大对象种类
Beautiful Soup将复杂的HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:
标签
NavigableString
BeautifulSoup
评论
1.标签
Tag通俗点讲就是HTML中的一个个标签,例如:
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's story上面的等等title head a pHTML标签加上里面包括的内容就是Tag,那么试着使用Beautiful Soup来获取标签:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's storyOnce upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...
"""
#创建 Beautiful Soup 对象
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
print soup.title
#
The Dormouse's story
print soup.head
#
The Dormouse's story
print soup.a
#
print soup.p
#
The Dormouse's storyprint type(soup.p)
#
我们可以利用汤加标签名轻松地获取这些标签的内容,但这些对象的类型是bs4.element.Tag。但是注意,它查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签。如果要查询所有的标签,后面会进行介绍。
对于Tag,它有两个重要的属性,是名和attrs
print soup.name
# [document] #soup 对象本身比较特殊,它的 name 即为 [document]
print soup.head.name
# head #对于其他内部标签,输出的值便为标签本身的名称
print soup.p.attrs
# {'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
# 在这里,我们把 p 标签的所有属性打印输出了出来,得到的类型是一个字典。
print soup.p['class'] # soup.p.get('class')
# ['title'] #还可以利用get方法,传入属性的名称,二者是等价的
soup.p['class'] = "newClass"
print soup.p # 可以对这些属性和内容等等进行修改
#
The Dormouse's storydel soup.p['class'] # 还可以对这个属性进行删除
print soup.p
#
The Dormouse's story2. NavigableString
既然我们已经得到了标签的内容,那么问题来了,我们要想获取标签内部的文字怎么办呢?很简单,用.string即可,例如
print soup.p.string
# The Dormouse's story
print type(soup.p.string)
# In [13]:
3. BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup对象表示的是一个文档的内容。大部分时候,可以把它当作Tag对象,是一个特殊的Tag,我们可以分别获取它的类型,名称,以及属性来感受一下
print type(soup.name)
#
print soup.name
# [document]
print soup.attrs # 文档本身的属性为空
# {}
4.评论
注释对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象,其输出的内容不包括注释符号。
print soup.a
#
print soup.a.string
# Elsie
print type(soup.a.string)
#
a标签里的内容实际上是注释,但是如果我们利用.string来输出它的内容时,注释符号已经去掉了。
五.遍历文档树
1.直接子节点:.contents .children属性
。内容
tag的.content属性可以将标签的子节点以列表的方式输出
print soup.head.contents
#[
The Dormouse's story]
输出方式为列表,我们可以用列表索引来获取它的某一个元素
print soup.head.contents[0]
#
The Dormouse's story
。孩子
它返回的不是一个列表,不过我们可以通过遍历获取所有子节点。
我们打印输出.children看一下,可以发现它是一个list生成器对象
print soup.head.children
#
for child in soup.body.children:
print child
结果:
The Dormouse's storyOnce upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...
2.所有子孙节点:.descendants属性
.contents和.children属性仅包含标签的直接子节点,.descendants属性可以对所有标签的子孙节点进行递归循环,和儿童类似,我们也需要遍历获取其中的内容。
for child in soup.descendants:
print child
运行结果:
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's storyOnce upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's storyOnce upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...