一.fdisk 磁盘分区
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l (显示当前磁盘分区情况)
Disk /dev/hdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10402 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 2610 20860402+ 8e Linux LVM
以上信息表明,有2块硬盘,一块是SCSI的,一块是IDE的。其中/dev/hdb是5G的,有16个磁面,63个扇区。10402个磁柱.每个磁柱的容量是0.516096M。每一个分区的容量是 Blocks = (相应分区End数值 -相应分区Start数值)x单位cylinder(磁柱)的容量,比如说/dev/sda1=(13-1)*8225.280=98703.36=98M (由于硬盘都是按1000M为单位,所以有一些偏差),之所以没有/dev/hda是因为已经被光驱占用了。
下面对Disk/dev/hdb进行分区,分区方案如下:
/dev/hdb1 主分区 容量:1G
/dev/hdb2 扩展分区容量:4G
/dev/hdb5 逻辑分区容量:1G
/dev/hdb6 逻辑分区容量:1G
/dev/hdb7 逻辑分区容量:1G
/dev/hdb8 逻辑分区容量:1G
说明:分区(包括扩展分区)的总个数不能超过四个;也不能把扩展分区包围在主分区之间;分区(包括扩展分区)的总个数不能超过四个;也不能把扩展分区包围在主分区之间;系统默认会将磁盘编号1-4给主分区,从5~16给逻辑分区。所以LINUX系统最多只能存在16个分区。
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/hdb (对硬盘/dev/hdb进行分区)
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to10402.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this islarger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., oldversions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from otherOSs
(e.g.,DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): n (创建分区)
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p (创建主分区)
Partition number (1-4): 1 (选择分区ID号)
First cylinder (1-10402, default1): (起始磁柱值直接回车默认就行)
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-10402, default 10402): +1G (结束磁柱值 1G)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e (划分扩展分区)
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (1940-10402, default 1940):
Using default value 1940
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1940-10402, default 10402):
Using default value 10402
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l (划分逻辑分区1)
First cylinder (1940-10402, default 1940):
Using default value 1940
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1940-10402, default 10402): +1G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l (划分逻辑分区2)
First cylinder (3879-10402, default 3879):
Using default value 3879
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(3879-10402, default 10402): +1G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l (划分逻辑分区3)
First cylinder (5818-10402, default 5818):
Using default value 5818
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(5818-10402, default 10402): +1G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l (划分逻辑分区4)
First cylinder (7757-10402, default 7757):+1G^H^H^H^H^H^H
Value out of range.
First cylinder (7757-10402, default 7757):
Using default value 7757
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(7757-10402, default 10402): +1G
Command (m for help): p (打印输入分区信息)
Disk /dev/hdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10402 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hdb1 1 1939 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/hdb2 1940 10402 4265352 5 Extended
/dev/hdb5 1940 3878 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/hdb6 3879 5817 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/hdb7 5818 7756 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/hdb8 7757 9695 977224+ 83 Linux
partprobe /dev/hdb (同步写入分区表,不用重启LINUX)
以上分区结束。
参考文章:http://www.pconline.com.cn/pcjob/system/linux/others/0512/743298.html
http://www.360doc.com/content/07/0808/00/9144_659342.shtml
http://server.zol.com.cn/127/1271401.html
二.LVM(logical volume management)逻辑卷管理器
LVM(logical volume management)就是解决磁盘空间不足的问题,必须满足的是其它磁盘分区要有剩余的空间我们才能创建逻辑卷管理。
在逻辑卷管理器中我们会常用到以下:
Pv代表的是物理卷可一块硬盘也可以是一个分区
Vg 代表的是逻辑卷组
Lv 代表的是逻辑卷
解决方案1:创建1个新的LVM分区,划分大小为500M并使用
1.创建物理卷
[[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/hdb5 (创建PV)
Physicalvolume "/dev/hdb5" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]# pvdisplay/dev/hdb5 (显示PV信息)
---Physical volume ---
PVName /dev/hdb5
VGName vg1
PVSize 954.32 MB / not usable 2.32 MB
Allocatable yes
PESize (KByte) 4096
TotalPE 238
FreePE 113
AllocatedPE 125
PVUUID c0230M-LDop-9P6h-urrm-PVfS-wF5O-7RsxnR
2.创建逻辑卷组
[[email protected] ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/hdb5 (vg1是逻辑卷组名,可以随便起)
Volume group "vg1" successfullycreated
[[email protected] ~]# vgdisplayvg1 (显示VG信息)
---Volume group ---
VGName vg1
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 2
VGAccess read/write
VGStatus resizable
MAXLV 0
CurLV 1
OpenLV 1
MaxPV 0
CurPV 1
ActPV 1
VGSize 952.00 MB
PESize 4.00 MB
TotalPE 238
AllocPE / Size 125/ 500.00 MB
Free PE /Size 113/ 452.00 MB
VGUUID erhVbI-5Ckz-befx-QpFZ-RbhV-Hl9K-qZ0x9Z
3.创建逻辑卷 (500M)
[[email protected] ~]# lvcreate -L 500M vg1
Logicalvolume "lvol0" created
[[email protected] ~]# lvdisplay vg1
---Logical volume ---
LVName /dev/vg1/lvol0
VGName vg1
LVUUID X0t8to-qvNP-smxr-xPOH-I8p9-c3Ht-V01Fy2
LVWrite Access read/write
LVStatus available
#open 1
LVSize 500.00 MB
CurrentLE 125
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Readahead sectors auto
-currently set to 256
Blockdevice 253:2
4.格式化分区(ext3格式)
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext3/dev/vg1/lvol0 (或者可以写成 mkfs.ext3/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0)
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
128016 inodes, 512000 blocks
25600 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
63 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2032 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729,204801, 221185, 401409
Writing inode tables:done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accountinginformation: done
This filesystem will be automatically checkedevery 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
同步分区表: partprobe /dev/hdb
5.挂载使用:
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir -p /tmp/test1 (创建一个挂载点或者自己指定挂载点)
[[email protected] ~]#mount /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0/tmp/test1 (挂载)
[[email protected] ~]# df -lh
文件系统 容量 已用可用已用%挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
18G 2.1G 15G 13% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
485M 11M 449M 3% /tmp/test1
[[email protected] test1]# mkdir 123 &&touch 456
[[email protected] test1]# ll -trh
总计 14K
drwx------ 2 root root 12K 10-23 20:51 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.0K 10-23 20:54 test
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 10-23 21:13 456
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1.0K 10-23 21:13 123
测试成功
解决方案2:在现有LVM环境中,给LVM扩容,增加300M使用空间
1.确定VG容量还有多少剩余空间
[[email protected] /]# vgdisplay vg1
---Volume group ---
VGName vg1
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 2
VGAccess read/write
VGStatus resizable
MAXLV 0
CurLV 1
OpenLV 1
MaxPV 0
CurPV 1
ActPV 1
VGSize 952.00 MB
PESize 4.00 MB
TotalPE 238
AllocPE / Size 125/ 500.00 MB (已经使用的容量)
Free PE / Size 113 / 452.00 MB (空闲容量)
VGUUID erhVbI-5Ckz-befx-QpFZ-RbhV-Hl9K-qZ0x9Z
从以上信息可以看出,整个VG共有1G(实际使用 952M)空间,其中已经使用了100M,剩余452M可以增加
2. 增加分区VG容量300M
[[email protected] tmp]# lvextend -L +300M/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
Logical volume lvol0 successfully resized
3.调整新增分区容量的文件系统
[[email protected] tmp]# resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 is mountedon /tmp/test1; on-line resizing required
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0to 819200 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 is now819200 blocks long.
4. 查看结果
[[email protected] ~]# df -lh
文件系统 容量 已用可用已用%挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
18G 2.1G 15G 13% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
775M 11M 725M 2% /tmp/test1 (观察发现,该分区已经增加了300M,现有775M)
解决方案3:减少分区容量200M
1.创建PV,VG,LV(略)
查看现有磁盘容量:
[[email protected] ~]# df -lh
文件系统 容量 已用可用已用%挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
18G 2.1G 15G 13% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg2-lvol0
194M 5.6M 179M 4% /tmp/test2
/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
591M 17M 545M 3% /tmp/test1
2.取消挂载
(对ext2/ext3文件系统来说,resize2fs工具并不能在线缩小文件系统。什么是在线?在增大分区里边说的那样,对一个正常使用的文件系统进行增大操作,就叫在线操作。因此,需要先卸载了这个分区的文件系统才行)
[[email protected] ~]# umount /tmp/test1
3.检查文件系统正确性(关键步骤):
[[email protected] ~]# e2fsck -f/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 (-f强制检查 -p打印输入)
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0: 11/76800 files (9.1%non-contiguous), 6635/153600 blocks
如果不检查文件系统,接下来减少分区会有如下提示,可能对后续操作有影响!!
[[email protected] ~]# resize2fs/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 50M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 'first.
4.修改文件系统大小(关键步骤):
[[email protected] ~]# resize2fs/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 200M (可以加 -p参数)
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0to 51200 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0 is now51200 blocks long.
5.减少逻辑卷大小(关键步骤):
[[email protected] ~]# lvreduce -L 200M/dev/mapper/vg1-lvol0
WARNING:Reducing active logical volume to 200.00 MB
THISMAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce lvol0? [y/n]: y
Reducinglogical volume lvol0 to 200.00 MB
Logicalvolume lvol0 successfully resized
6.查看结果:
[[email protected] ~]# vgdisplay vg1
---Volume group ---
VGName vg1
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 5
VGAccess read/write
VGStatus resizable
MAXLV 0
CurLV 1
OpenLV 0
MaxPV 0
CurPV 1
ActPV 1
VGSize 952.00 MB
PESize 4.00 MB
TotalPE 238
AllocPE / Size 50/ 200.00 MB
Free PE /Size 188/ 752.00 MB
VGUUID erhVbI-5Ckz-befx-QpFZ-RbhV-Hl9K-qZ0x9Z
[[email protected] ~]# df -lh
文件系统 容量 已用可用已用%挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
18G 2.1G 15G 13% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg2-lvol0
194M 5.6M 179M 4% /tmp/test2 (观察发现,该分区已经从原来的591M变成了200M)
参考网址:
1.LVM详细说明http://tech.foolpig.com/2010/04/01/lvm/
2.E2fsck用法 http://wiki.chinaunix.net/index.php/E2fsck
3.新手学LVM扩容 http://world77.blog.51cto.com/414605/382230
4.VMWARE终于扩容成功 http://blog.csdn.net/junglyfine/archive/2009/12/09/4974269.aspx
5.管理LVM逻辑分区 http://blog.chinaunix.net/u1/33254/showart_371203.html
6.LVM(逻辑管理器) http://blog.csdn.net/xjtuse_mal/archive/2010/05/09/5572335.aspx
7. RHEL5下LVM扩容 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3f7e47f20100iy53.html
8.LINUX查看的一些命令 http://www.360doc.com/content/07/0808/00/9144_659342.shtml
9. umount device busy 解决方法http://blog.csdn.net/yunshine/archive/2009/04/07/4055509.aspx
10. umount 解决 http://www.linuxforum.net/forum/showflat.php?Board=linuxK&Number=598759
11 软RAID http://www.chinaeda.cn/show.aspx?id=18290&cid=46
三.LINUX创建软RAID
1.增加硬盘分区格式化,参照之前的步骤(略)
2.创建RAID5(共四个硬盘 hd6 hd7hd8 hd9)
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 -l 5-n 3 -x 1 /dev/hdb7 /dev/hdb6 /dev/hdb8 /dev/hdb9
mdadm: /dev/hdb7 appears to be part of a raidarray:
level=raid5 devices=3 ctime=WedNov 3 03:41:34 2010
mdadm: /dev/hdb6 appears to be part of a raidarray:
level=raid5 devices=3 ctime=WedNov 3 03:41:34 2010
mdadm: /dev/hdb8 appears to be part of a raidarray:
level=raid5 devices=3 ctime=WedNov 3 03:41:34 2010
mdadm: /dev/hdb9 appears to be part of a raidarray:
level=raid5 devices=3 ctime=WedNov 3 03:41:34 2010
Continue creating array? Y
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
3.查看RAID信息
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 0.90
CreationTime : Wed Nov 3 06:54:152010
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 1954304 (1908.82 MiB2001.21 MB)
UsedDev Size : 977152 (954.41 MiB 1000.60 MB)
RaidDevices : 3
TotalDevices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Nov 3 06:54:15 2010
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
SpareDevices : 2
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Rebuild Status : 21% complete
UUID :a4ec0ae2:2a155628:7f52fc73:b72a2dad
Events : 0.1
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 3 71 0 active sync /dev/hdb7
1 3 70 1 active sync /dev/hdb6
4 3 72 2 spare rebuilding /dev/hdb8
3 3 73 - spare /dev/hdb9
4.删除RAID
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
创建RAID1: mdadm --create /dev/md0 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/hdb8 /dev/hdb9
参考文章:
LinuxAS5软raid的实现过程:http://www.examda.com/linux/fudao/20090601/091219752.html
linux 软RAID配置: http://david0341.javaeye.com/blog/382399
解决RAID常见问题;: http://tech.watchstor.com/storage-systems-125644.htm
mdadm 操作: http://hi.baidu.com/haigang/blog/item/e4fbd9339a0b2d4aac4b5f60.html