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基于 Kubernetes 的 Jenkins 服务也可以去 Docker 了

基于 Kubernetes 的 Jenkins 服务也可以去 Docker 了
从原理上看,在 Kubernetes 集群中,Jenkins 都可以使用 Podman 进行镜像构建,本文主要以 Containerd 为例。

1. 去 Docker 给 CICD 带来新的挑战

在 CICD 场景下, 我们经常需要在流水线中构建和推送镜像。

在之前的文档 《在 Kubernetes 上动态创建 Jenkins Slave》 中, 我描述了通过挂载

/var/run/docker.sock

文件, 允许在 Docker 驱动的 Kubernetes 集群中构建和推送镜像。在文档 《如何在 Docker 中使用 Docker》中, 我又进行了更加详细地阐述, 其原理是共享主机 Docker Daemon。

在 1.20 版本之后, Kubernetes 社区放弃了对 Docker 的支持, 而后又有其他社区接手, 隐约给 Docker 蒙上了一层阴影。在这样的背景下, 我们开始考虑非 Docker 环境下, 如何进行 CICD 实践。

非 Docker 环境意味着之前挂载

/var/run/docker.sock

的方式失效了, 我们需要寻找新的解决方案。

2. 测试集群环境

2.1 Kubernetes - 1.17.9

执行如下命令, 查看 Kubernetes 版本:

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kubectl version

Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"17", GitVersion:"v1.17.9", GitCommit:"4fb7ed12476d57b8437ada90b4f93b17ffaeed99", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2020-07-15T16:18:16Z", GoVersion:"go1.13.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"17", GitVersion:"v1.17.9", GitCommit:"4fb7ed12476d57b8437ada90b4f93b17ffaeed99", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2020-07-15T16:10:45Z", GoVersion:"go1.13.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

2.2 Containerd - 1.4.3

执行如下命令, 查看 containerd 版本:

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containerd --version

containerd github.com/containerd/containerd v1.4.3 269548fa27e0089a8b8278fc4fc781d7f65a939b

3. 镜像管理工具 Podman

由于 Containerd 不支持 Docker API, 常见的

docker build

docker push

等命令在 Containerd 环境下无法使用。因此, 需要一种不依赖于 Docker, 针对 OCI 标准的镜像构建和推送工具。

3.1 Podman 简介

Podman 是一个实现 OCI 标准的容器和镜像管理工具, 同时也是 Daemonless, 不需要守护进程, 也支持非特权用户使用。Podman 提供了类似 Docker CLI 的功能, 大部分情况下可以执行

alias docker=podman

使用 Podman 替换 Docker , 而不会有任何问题。

3.2 Podman 安装

  • 安装 Podman 命令行工具

安装方法可以参考 Podman 的安装指引。这里以 CentOS 7 为例:

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curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo

yum -y install podman

  • 查看 Podman 版本

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podman --version

podman version 3.0.1

  • 查看命令参数

这里为了方便查阅, 贴出完整的帮助文档。

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podman --help

manage pods and images

Usage:

podman [flags]

podman [command]

Available Commands:

attach Attach to a running container

build Build an image using instructions from Containerfiles

commit Create new image based on the changed container

container Manage Containers

cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem

create Create but do not start a container

diff Inspect changes on container's file systems

events Show podman events

exec Run a process in a running container

export Export container's filesystem contents as a tar archive

generate Generated structured data

healthcheck Manage Healthcheck

help Help about any command

history Show history of a specified image

image Manage images

images List images in local storage

import Import a tarball to create a filesystem image

info Display podman system information

init Initialize one or more containers

inspect Display the configuration of a container or image

kill Kill one or more running containers with a specific signal

load Load an image from container archive

login Login to a container registry

logout Logout of a container registry

logs Fetch the logs of a container

mount Mount a working container's root filesystem

network Manage Networks

pause Pause all the processes in one or more containers

play Play a pod

pod Manage pods

port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container

ps List containers

pull Pull an image from a registry

push Push an image to a specified destination

restart Restart one or more containers

rm Remove one or more containers

rmi Removes one or more images from local storage

run Run a command in a new container

save Save image to an archive

search Search registry for image

start Start one or more containers

stats Display a live stream of container resource usage statistics

stop Stop one or more containers

system Manage podman

tag Add an additional name to a local image

top Display the running processes of a container

umount Unmounts working container's root filesystem

unpause Unpause the processes in one or more containers

unshare Run a command in a modified user namespace

varlink Run varlink interface

version Display the Podman Version Information

volume Manage volumes

wait Block on one or more containers

Flags:

--cgroup-manager string Cgroup manager to use (cgroupfs or systemd) (default "systemd")

--cni-config-dir string Path of the configuration directory for CNI networks

--config string Path of a libpod config file detailing container server configuration options

--conmon string Path of the conmon binary

--cpu-profile string Path for the cpu profiling results

--events-backend string Events backend to use

--help Help for podman

--hooks-dir strings Set the OCI hooks directory path (may be set multiple times)

--log-level string Log messages above specified level: debug, info, warn, error, fatal or panic (default "error")

--namespace string Set the libpod namespace, used to create separate views of the containers and pods on the system

--network-cmd-path string Path to the command for configuring the network

--root string Path to the root directory in which data, including images, is stored

--runroot string Path to the 'run directory' where all state information is stored

--runtime string Path to the OCI-compatible binary used to run containers, default is /usr/bin/runc

--storage-driver string Select which storage driver is used to manage storage of images and containers (default is overlay)

--storage-opt stringArray Used to pass an option to the storage driver

--syslog Output logging information to syslog as well as the console

--tmpdir string Path to the tmp directory

--trace Enable opentracing output

-v, --version Version of podman

Use "podman [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Podman 在覆盖 Docker 命令的同时,增加了对 Pod 操作的支持。

3.3 主机上测试编译并推送镜像

在使用上可以直接将

docker

命令替换为

podman

即可。

  • 编译镜像

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echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman build -t docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage:latest -

STEP 1: FROM busybox

Getting image source signatures

Copying blob 5c4213be9af9 done

Copying config 491198851f done

Writing manifest to image destination

Storing signatures

STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"

hello world

STEP 3: COMMIT

4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c

4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c

  • 查看编译的镜像

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podman images |grep shaowenchen

docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage latest 4c8794086d9d 4 minutes ago 1.46 MB

  • 登录 DockerHub

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podman login docker.io -u shaowenchen

Password:

Login Succeeded!

  • 推送镜像

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podman push docker.io/shaowenchen/myimage:latest

Getting image source signatures

Copying blob 2893437c336c done

Copying blob 84009204da3f done

Copying config 4c8794086d done

Writing manifest to image destination

Storing signatures

4. Jenkns 中使用 Podman 构建镜像

4.1 关键配置

  • 使用 hostPath 将

    /var/lib/containers

    挂载到主机上

也可以使用 PVC,但是 PVC 可能需要加参数,见下文。

否则会有如下报错:

1 Error: 'overlay' is not supported over overlayfs, a mount_program is required: backing file system is unsupported for this graph driver
  • privileged 特权模式

否则会有如下报错:

1 Error: kernel does not support overlay fs: 'overlay' is not supported over extfs at "/var/lib/containers/storage/overlay": backing file system is unsupported for this graph driver
  • Podman 参数

    --cgroup-manager=cgroupfs

在使用 PVC 作为存储目录时, 需要考虑这项配置。内核通过 Cgroup Driver 隔离一组资源, 可选的参数有 cgroupfs 和 systemd, 需要与集群环境保持一致, 因为他们共用一个内核。我的测试环境使用的是 cgroupfs 。

否则会有如下报错:

1 systemd cgroup flag passed, but systemd support for managing cgroups is not available
  • Podman 参数

    --events-backend=file

这项配置通常不会 Block 执行流程,如果你想保持日志更加干净,可以添加。

否则会有如下报错:

1 unable to write system event: "write unixgram @0011c->/run/systemd/journal/socket: sendmsg: no such file or directory

4.2 示例一: 在 Jenkinsfile 中显式使用 yaml 模板

这里将容器

/var/lib/containers

挂载到主机

/var/lib/containers

目录,也可以挂载到主机

/tmp

目录,并没有强制要求。主机目录只是提供一个存放数据的地方。

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pipeline {

agent {

kubernetes {

yaml """

apiVersion: v1

kind: Pod

spec:

containers:

- name: centos

image: centos:7

command:

- cat

tty: true

securityContext:

privileged: true

volumeMounts:

- name: storage

mountPath: /var/lib/containers

volumes:

- name: storage

hostPath:

path: /var/lib/containers

"""

}}

stages {

stage('Hello') {

steps {

container('centos') {

sh '''

curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo

yum -y install podman

echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest -

podman --events-backend=file images |grep shaowenchen1

'''

}

}

}

}

}

Jenkins 的执行日志:

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···

Dependency Updated:

systemd.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3 systemd-libs.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3

Complete!

+ podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest -

+ echo -e 'FROM busybox

RUN echo "hello world"'

STEP 1: FROM busybox

STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"

--> Using cache 4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c

STEP 3: COMMIT docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage:latest

--> 4c8794086d9

4c8794086d9de80f71d182457b6d2cb18b9d61975b98bcd4cb167bdcabae5b2c

+ podman --events-backend=file images

+ grep shaowenchen1

docker.io/shaowenchen1/myimage latest 4c8794086d9d 19 hours ago 1.46 MB

4.3 示例二: 使用 PVC 挂载

/var/lib/containers

目录

在使用 PVC 存储 Podman 数据时,需要提前准备好集群的存储。

  • 查看集群是否有默认的 StorageClass

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kubectl get sc

NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE

openebs-device openebs.io/local Delete WaitForFirstConsumer false 19d

openebs-hostpath (default) openebs.io/local Delete WaitForFirstConsumer false 19d

openebs-jiva-default openebs.io/provisioner-iscsi Delete Immediate false 19d

openebs-snapshot-promoter volumesnapshot.external-storage.k8s.io/snapshot-promoter Delete Immediate false 19d

  • 为 Podman 创建一个 PVC

这里的 namespace 需要与 Jenkins 中动态 Agent 所在的 namespace 保持一致。

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cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim

metadata:

name: storage

namespace: default

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteOnce

resources:

requests:

storage: 30Gi

EOF

  • 查看创建的 PVC

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kubectl -n default get pvc

NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES

storage Pending openebs-hostpath 11s

由于使用的是 WaitForFirstConsumer 模式,需要等到有 Pod 使用 PVC 时,才会绑定 PV。

  • 创建 Jenkins 流水线执行

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pipeline {

agent {

kubernetes {

yaml """

apiVersion: v1

kind: Pod

spec:

containers:

- name: centos

image: centos:7

command:

- cat

tty: true

securityContext:

privileged: true

volumeMounts:

- name: storage

mountPath: /var/lib/containers

volumes:

- name: storage

persistentVolumeClaim:

claimName: storage

"""

}}

stages {

stage('Hello') {

steps {

container('centos') {

sh '''

curl -L -o /etc/yum.repos.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/CentOS_7/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.repo

yum -y install podman

echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest -

podman --events-backend=file images |grep shaowenchen2

'''

}

}

}

}

}

Jenkins 的执行日志:

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···

Dependency Updated:

systemd.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3 systemd-libs.x86_64 0:219-78.el7_9.3

Complete!

+ echo -e 'FROM busybox

RUN echo "hello world"'

+ podman --events-backend=file build -t docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest -

STEP 1: FROM busybox

STEP 2: RUN echo "hello world"

--> Using cache f4676f5b5e47a78970f2d97f4a5b77423f381e9742faae06d8c1a2d93bdb27c2

STEP 3: COMMIT docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage:latest

--> f4676f5b5e4

f4676f5b5e47a78970f2d97f4a5b77423f381e9742faae06d8c1a2d93bdb27c2

+ podman --events-backend=file images

+ grep shaowenchen2

docker.io/shaowenchen2/myimage latest f4676f5b5e47 2 hours ago 1.46 MB

5. 总结

本文主要提供了一种在非 Docker 驱动的 Kubernetes 集群中,进行 CICD 镜像构建的思路,使用 Podman 替换 Docker 。选择 Podman 的原因是, 其使用方式更贴近 Docker,而 Buildah 需要用户修改镜像编译指令,因为 Buildah 使用的是

buildah bud

在生产实践过程中,我们需要将 Podman 命令打包到 CI Agent 的基础镜像中。通过

alias docker=podman

, 对基于 Docker 命令的流水线进行替换。

下面简单总结一下,使用 Podman 的要点:

  • 支持缓存。通过挂载

    /var/lib/containers

    目录,可以缓存镜像,并且可以根据业务划分到不同目录。
  • 与 Docker 无缝替换。如果有 hook 的地方,可以用户无感知地切换。
  • 更加通用。针对 OCI 标准实现,不依赖具体组件。
  • 特权模式。容器中运行 Podman 需要特权模式。容器套娃很难摆脱的运行模式。

6. 参考

  • https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools
  • http://docs.podman.io/en/latest/

原文链接 https://www.chenshaowen.com/blog/using-podman-to-build-images-under-kubernetes-and-jenkins.html

基于 Kubernetes 的 Jenkins 服务也可以去 Docker 了

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