驱动程序中ioctl函数的函数原型如下:
int (*ioctl)(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp,unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
其中cmd和arg参数是ioctl与其它驱动程序函数不同的地方。cmd是预先定义好的一些命令编号,对应要求ioctl执行的命令。arg是与cmd配合使用的参数。
ioctl函数的功能比较繁琐,从函数名可以看出,它一般是实现对设备的各种控制操作。可以这样理解,通过常规的read,write,lseek等等函数实现不合理的功能,
就交给ioctl来实现。例如:要求设备锁门,弹出介质,改变波特率,甚至执行自我破坏,等等。
ioctl的实现一般是通过一个大的switch语句,根据cmd参数执行不同的操作。所以,在实现ioctl函数之前,要先定义好cmd对应的命令编号。
为了防止发生混淆,命令编号应该在系统范围内是唯一的。为此,Linux内核将命令编号分为4个部分,即4个位段,分别是:
type: 幻数(magic number),它占8位。个人理解幻数就是一个标志,代表一个(类)对象。后面我们会看到,scull使用字符’k’作为幻数。
number:序数,即顺序编号,它也占8位。
direction:如果相关命令涉及到数据的传输,则这个位段表示数据传输的方向,可用的值包括_IOC_NONE(没有数据传输),_IOC_READ(读)、_IOC_WRITE(写)、
_IOC_READ | _IOC_WRITE(双向传输数据)。注意,数据传输方向是从应用程序的角度看的,也就是说_IOC_READ意味着从设备中读数据,所以驱动程序
必须向用户空间写数据。
size:所涉及的用户数据大小。这个位段的宽度与体系结构有关,通常是13或14位。
中包含的头文件定义了一些构造命令编号的宏:
_IO(type, nr),用于构造无数据传输的命令编号。
_IOR(type, nr, datatype),用于构造从驱动程序中读取数据的命令编号。
_IOW(type, nr, datatype),用于构造向设备写入数据的命令编号。
_IOWR(type, nr, datatype),用于双向传输命令编号。
其中,type和number位段从以上宏的参数中传入,size位段通过对datatype参数取sizeof获得。
另外,头文件中还定义了一些用于解析命令编号的宏,如_IOC_DIR(cmd),_IOC_TYPE(cmd),_IOC_NR(cmd),_IOC_SIZE(cmd)。
首先我们来看一下scull是如何定义命令编号的,理解scull的ioctl函数的实现,关键是理解这些命令是什么含义,即要求完成什么工作。在scull.h中有如下定义:
#define SCULL_IOC_MAGIC 'k'
#define SCULL_IOCRESET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 0)
#define SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 1, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的内容设置quantum。
#define SCULL_IOCSQSET _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的内容设置qset。
#define SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 3) 该命令表示通过参数arg的值直接设置quantum
#define SCULL_IOCTQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 4) 该命令表示通过参数arg的值直接设置qset。
#define SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 5, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的地址返回quantum
#define SCULL_IOCGQSET _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 6, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的地址返回qset。
#define SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 7) 该命令表示通过ioctl的返回值返回quantum
#define SCULL_IOCQQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 8) 该命令表示通过ioctl的返回值返回qset。
#define SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 9, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的内容设置quantum,然后,再把quantum原来的值写入arg指向的地址返回。
#define SCULL_IOCXQSET _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC,10, int) 该命令表示通过参数arg指向的内容设置qset,然后,再把qset原来的值写入arg指向的地址返回。
#define SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 11) 该命令表示通过参数arg的值直接设置quantum,然后,再通过ioctl的返回值返回quantum原来的值。
#define SCULL_IOCHQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 12) 该命令表示通过参数arg的值直接设置qset,然后,再通过ioctl的返回值返回qset原来的值。
#define SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 13) 该命令表示通过参数arg的值直接设置scull_p_buffer
#define SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 14) 该命令表示通过ioctl的返回值返回scull_p_buffer
#define SCULL_IOC_MAXNR 14 代表一共有14个命令
理解了ioctl命令的含义后,来看scull.c中的ioctl函数:
int scull_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int err = 0, tmp;
int retval = 0;
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return -ENOTTY;
if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return -ENOTTY;
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err) return -EFAULT;
switch(cmd) {
case SCULL_IOCRESET:
scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
break;
case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) //scull允许任何用户查询quantum和qset的大小,
//但只允许被授权的用户修改quantum和qset的值。这种权能的检查是通过capable()函数实现的
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_quantum = arg;
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM:
retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM:
return scull_quantum;
case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = __put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
scull_quantum = arg;
return tmp;
case SCULL_IOCSQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_qset = arg;
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQSET:
retval = __put_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQSET:
return scull_qset;
case SCULL_IOCXQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
scull_qset = arg;
return tmp;
case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE:
scull_p_buffer = arg;
break;
case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE:
return scull_p_buffer;
default:
return -ENOTTY;
}
return retval;
}
二、测试ioctl
要测试scull驱动中ioctl函数是否实现了我们要求的功能,需要编写用户空间程序对scull模块进行测试。下面是一个比较简单的测试程序:
首先是头文件scull_ioctl.h:
#ifndef _SCULL_IOCTL_H_
#define _SCULL_IOCTL_H_
#include
#define SCULL_IOC_MAGIC 'k'
#define SCULL_IOCRESET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 0)
#define SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 1, int)
#define SCULL_IOCSQSET _IOW(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
#define SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 3)
#define SCULL_IOCTQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 4)
#define SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 5, int)
#define SCULL_IOCGQSET _IOR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 6, int)
#define SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 7)
#define SCULL_IOCQQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 8)
#define SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 9, int)
#define SCULL_IOCXQSET _IOWR(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC,10, int)
#define SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 11)
#define SCULL_IOCHQSET _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 12)
#define SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 13)
#define SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE _IO(SCULL_IOC_MAGIC, 14)
#define SCULL_IOC_MAXNR 14
#endif
下面是测试程序scull_ioctl_test.c的代码:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "scull_ioctl.h"
#define SCULL_DEVICE "/dev/scull0"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd = 0;
int quantum = 8000;
int quantum_old = 0;
int qset = 2000;
int qset_old = 0;
fd = open(SCULL_DEVICE, O_RDWR);
if(fd < 0)
{
printf("open scull device error!\n");
return 0;
}
printf("SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: quantum = %d\n", quantum);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM, &quantum);
quantum -= 500;
printf("SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: quantum = %d\n", quantum);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM, quantum);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM, &quantum);
printf("SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: quantum = %d\n", quantum);
quantum = ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM);
printf("SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: quantum = %d\n", quantum);
quantum -= 500;
quantum_old = ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM, quantum);
printf("SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: quantum = %d, quantum_old = %d\n", quantum, quantum_old);
quantum -= 500;
printf("SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: quantum = %d\n", quantum);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM, &quantum);
printf("SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: old quantum = %d\n", quantum);
printf("SCULL_IOCSQSET: qset = %d\n", qset);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCSQSET, &qset);
qset += 500;
printf("SCULL_IOCTQSET: qset = %d\n", qset);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCTQSET, qset);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCGQSET, &qset);
printf("SCULL_IOCGQSET: qset = %d\n", qset);
qset = ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCQQSET);
printf("SCULL_IOCQQSET: qset = %d\n", qset);
qset += 500;
qset_old = ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCHQSET, qset);
printf("SCULL_IOCHQSET: qset = %d, qset_old = %d\n", qset, qset_old);
qset += 500;
printf("SCULL_IOCXQSET: qset = %d\n", qset);
ioctl(fd, SCULL_IOCXQSET, &qset);
printf("SCULL_IOCHQSET: old qset = %d\n", qset);
return 0;
}
为了能看到测试效果,在修改驱动程序中的ioctl函数,打印一些语句。下面直接列出修改后的ioctl函数的实现:
int scull_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int err = 0, tmp;
int retval = 0;
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SCULL_IOC_MAGIC) return -ENOTTY;
if (_IOC_NR(cmd) > SCULL_IOC_MAXNR) return -ENOTTY;
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
else if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err) return -EFAULT;
switch(cmd) {
case SCULL_IOCRESET:
scull_quantum = SCULL_QUANTUM;
scull_qset = SCULL_QSET;
printk("SCULL_IOCRESET: scull_quantum = %d, scull_qset = %d\n", scull_quantum, scull_qset);
break;
case SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCSQUANTUM: scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_quantum = arg;
printk("SCULL_IOCTQUANTUM: scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum);
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM:
retval = __put_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCGQUANTUM: use arg return scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM:
printk("SCULL_IOCQQUANTUM: return scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum);
return scull_quantum;
case SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
retval = __get_user(scull_quantum, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = __put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCXQUANTUM: scull_quantum = %d, and use arg return old scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum, tmp);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_quantum;
scull_quantum = arg;
printk("SCULL_IOCHQUANTUM: scull_quantum = %d, and return old scull_quantum = %d\n", scull_quantum, tmp);
return tmp;
case SCULL_IOCSQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCSQSET: scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset);
break;
case SCULL_IOCTQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
scull_qset = arg;
printk("SCULL_IOCTQSET: scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset);
break;
case SCULL_IOCGQSET:
retval = __put_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCGQSET: use arg return scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset);
break;
case SCULL_IOCQQSET:
printk("SCULL_IOCQQSET: return scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset);
return scull_qset;
case SCULL_IOCXQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
retval = __get_user(scull_qset, (int __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0)
retval = put_user(tmp, (int __user *)arg);
printk("SCULL_IOCXQSET: scull_qset = %d, and use arg return old scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset, tmp);
break;
case SCULL_IOCHQSET:
if (! capable (CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
tmp = scull_qset;
scull_qset = arg;
printk("SCULL_IOCHQSET: scull_qet = %d, and return old scull_qset = %d\n", scull_qset, tmp);
return tmp;
case SCULL_P_IOCTSIZE:
scull_p_buffer = arg;
break;
case SCULL_P_IOCQSIZE:
return scull_p_buffer;
default:
return -ENOTTY;
}
return retval;
}