重新發現Oracle太美之root.sh

如果你執行下以下指令基本上會在Oracle軟體目錄下會發現兩個root.sh的腳本

[oracle@rh64 Templates]$ find /u01/ -name root.sh |xargs ls -ltr

-rwxrwx--- 1 oracle oinstall 10 May 14 02:37 /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/inventory/Templates/root.sh

-rwxr-x--- 1 oracle oinstall 512 May 14 02:47 /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

第一個腳本裡面沒啥東西，我們今天主要來研究下第二個root.sh是幹啥用的，也就是我們安裝軟體後需要運作的這個root.sh的主要作用。

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

#!/bin/sh

. /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/utl/rootmacro.sh "$@"

. /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/utl/rootinstall.sh

/u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/unix/rootadd.sh

# Root Actions related to network

/u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/install/sqlnet/setowner.sh

# Invoke standalone rootadd_rdbms.sh

/u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/install/rootadd_rdbms.sh

/u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/install/rootadd_filemap.sh

[oracle@rh64 ~]$

可以看到上面腳本裡面包含了6個小的腳本，我們一一來分析下看看這個root.sh裡面的腳本都是幹啥的。

1.第一個腳本

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/utl/rootmacro.sh

# $Id: rootmacro.sbs /st_buildtools_11.2.0/2 2012/11/06 02:43:45 rmallego Exp $

# root.sh

# This script is intended to be run by root. The script contains

# all the product installation actions that require root privileges.

# IMPORTANT NOTES - READ BEFORE RUNNING SCRIPT

# (1) ORACLE_HOME and ORACLE_OWNER can be defined in user‘s

# environment to override default values defined in this script.

# (2) The environment variable LBIN (defined within the script) points to

# the default local bin area. Three executables will be moved there as

# part of this script execution.

# (3) Define (if desired) LOG variable to name of log file.

-------->>>上面明确說明運作腳本之前ORACLE_HOME，ORACLE_OWNER一定要設定

AWK=/bin/awk

CAT=/bin/cat

CHGRP=/bin/chgrp

CHOWN=/bin/chown

CHMOD=/bin/chmod

CP=/bin/cp

DIFF=/usr/bin/diff

ECHO=echo

GREP=/bin/grep

LBIN=/usr/local/bin

MKDIR=/bin/mkdir

ORATABLOC=/etc

ORATAB=${ORATABLOC}/oratab

RM=/bin/rm

SED=/bin/sed

UNAME=/bin/uname

DATE=/bin/date

TEE=/usr/bin/tee

TMPORATB=/var/tmp/oratab$$

if [ `$UNAME` = "SunOS" ]

then

GREP=/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

# Variable based on installation

OUI_SILENT=false

# Default values set by Installer

ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1

ORACLE_OWNER=oracle

OSDBA_GROUP=oinstall

MAKE=/usr/bin/make

# conditional code execution starts. This set of code is invoked exactly once

# regardless of number of scripts that source rootmacro.sh

if [ "x$WAS_ROOTMACRO_CALL_MADE" = "x" ]; then

WAS_ROOTMACRO_CALL_MADE=YES ; export WAS_ROOTMACRO_CALL_MADE

LOG=${ORACLE_HOME}/install/root_`$UNAME -n`_`$DATE +%F_%H-%M-%S`.log ; export LOG

# Parse argument

while [ $# -gt 0 ]

case $1 in

-silent) SILENT_F=1;; # silent is set to true

-crshome) shift; CRSHOME=$1; export CRSHOME;; # CRSHOME is set

-bindir) shift; LBIN=$1; export LBIN;;

esac;

shift

done

# If LOG is not set, then send output to /dev/null

if [ "x${LOG}" = "x" -o "${LOG}" = "" ];then

LOG=/dev/null

else

$CP $LOG ${LOG}0 2>/dev/null

$ECHO "" > $LOG

# Silent variable is set based on :

# if OUI_SILENT is true or if SILENT_F is 1

if [ "${OUI_SILENT}" = "true" -o "$SILENT_F" ]

then

SILENT=1

SILENT=0

if [ $SILENT -eq 1 ]

$ECHO "Check $LOG for the output of root script"

exec > $LOG 2>&1

mkfifo $LOG.pipe

tee < $LOG.pipe $LOG &

exec &> $LOG.pipe

rm $LOG.pipe

# check for valid crshome

if [ "$CRSHOME" -a ! -d "$CRSHOME" ]; then

$ECHO "ERROR: CRS home $CRSHOME is not a valid directory." | $TEE -a $LOG

exit 1

----->>>檢查是否設定crshome

# Determine how to suppress newline with $ECHO command.

case ${N}$C in

"") if $ECHO "\c"| $GREP c >/dev/null 2>&1;then

N=‘-n‘

else

C=‘\c‘

fi;;

esac

# check for zero UID

RUID=`/usr/bin/id|$AWK -F\( ‘{print $1}‘|$AWK -F= ‘{print $2}‘`

if [ $RUID -ne 0 ];then

$ECHO "You must be logged in as user with UID as zero (e.g. root user) to run root configuration script."| $TEE -a $LOG

$ECHO "Log in as user with UID as zero (e.g. root user) and restart root configuration script execution."| $TEE -a $LOG

exit 1

----->>>檢查是否以root使用者執行操作

# Display abort message on interrupt.

trap ‘$ECHO "Oracle root script execution aborted!"| $TEE -a $LOG;exit‘ 1 2 3 15

# Check for $LOG file existence and if it exists, change the ownership to oracle_owner:oracle_owner_group and permissions to 600

if [ -f $LOG ];then

$CHOWN $ORACLE_OWNER:$OSDBA_GROUP $LOG

$CHMOD 600 $LOG

#conditional code execution ends

------>>>>修改權限，修改宿主，擁有者，日志權限為600

可以看到上述腳本主要是檢查是否為root使用者，修改宿主，并且需要在環境變量有相應的ORACLE_HOME，ORACLE_OWNER等

第二個腳本

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/utl/rootinstall.sh

$ECHO "Performing root user operation for Oracle 11g "

$ECHO ""

$ECHO "The following environment variables are set as:"

$ECHO " ORACLE_OWNER= $ORACLE_OWNER"

$ECHO " ORACLE_HOME= $ORACLE_HOME"

# Get name of local bin directory

saveLBIN=$LBIN

retry=‘r‘

while [ "$retry" = "r" ]

if [ $SILENT -eq 0 ]

LBIN=$saveLBIN

$ECHO ""

$ECHO $N "Enter the full pathname of the local bin directory: $C"

DEFLT=${LBIN}; . $ORACLE_HOME/install/utl/read.sh; LBIN=$RDVAR

if [ ! -d $LBIN ];then

$ECHO "Creating ${LBIN} directory..."

$MKDIR -p ${LBIN} 2>&1

$CHMOD 755 ${LBIN} 2>&1

if [ ! -w $LBIN ]

if [ $SILENT -eq 0 ]

then

$ECHO ""

$ECHO $N "$LBIN is read only. Continue without copy (y/n) or retry (r)? $C"

DEFLT=‘y‘ ; . $ORACLE_HOME/install/utl/read.sh ; retry=$RDVAR

else

retry=‘y‘ # continue without copy

retry=‘y‘

done

if [ "$retry" = "n" ] ; then

$ECHO "Warning: Script terminated by user."

# Move files to LBIN, and set permissions

DBHOME=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbhome

ORAENV=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/oraenv

CORAENV=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/coraenv

FILES="$DBHOME $ORAENV $CORAENV"

----->>>這裡就是移動這幾個檔案，然後設定相應的權限。上面三個環境變量比較熟悉，我們需要更新備份的時候通常需要備份這些東西，

其實這個東西可以從$ORACLE_HOME/bin下拷貝過到/usr/local/bin，是以屌絲們以後可以不用擔心了～～～

if [ -w $LBIN ]

for f in $FILES ; do

if [ -f $f ] ; then

$CHMOD 755 $f 2>&1 2>> $LOG

short_f=`$ECHO $f | $SED ‘s;.*/;;‘`

lbin_f=$LBIN/$short_f

if [ -f $lbin_f -a $SILENT -eq 0 ] ; then

DIFF_STATUS=`$DIFF $f $lbin_f`

if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then

# The contents of $lbin_f and $f are different (User updated $lbin_f)

# Prompt user before overwriting $lbin_f.

$ECHO $n "The file \"$short_f\" already exists in $LBIN. Overwrite it? (y/n) $C"

DEFLT=‘n‘; . $ORACLE_HOME/install/utl/read.sh; OVERWRITE=$RDVAR

else

# The contents of $lbin_f and $f are identical. Don‘t overwrite.

$ECHO "The contents of \"$short_f\" have not changed. No need to overwrite."

OVERWRITE=‘n‘;

OVERWRITE=‘y‘;

if [ "$OVERWRITE" = "y" -o "$OVERWRITE" = "Y" ] ; then

$CP $f $LBIN 2>&1 2>> $LOG

$CHMOD 755 $lbin_f 2>&1 2>> $LOG

$CHOWN $ORACLE_OWNER $LBIN/`$ECHO $f | $AWK -F/ ‘{print $NF}‘` 2>&1 2>> $LOG

$ECHO " Copying $short_f to $LBIN ..."

------>>>注意這幾個權限為755,下面是對比下$ORACLE_HOME和/usr/local/bin下幾個檔案權限和宿主的差別

[oracle@rh64 bin]$ ls -ltr dbhome

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 2415 Jan 1 2000 dbhome

[oracle@rh64 bin]$ ls -tlr coraenv

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 5778 Jan 1 2000 coraenv

[oracle@rh64 bin]$ ls -ltr oraenv

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 6183 Jan 1 2000 oraenv

[root@rh64 bin]# ls -ltr dbhome

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle root 2415 Oct 30 2013 dbhome

[root@rh64 bin]# ls -ltr oraenv

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle root 6183 Oct 30 2013 oraenv

[root@rh64 bin]# ls -ltr coraenv

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle root 5778 Oct 30 2013 coraenv

------->>>>看到了嗎？權限都是755，但是/usr/local/bin的擁有者為oracle:root，如果不慎丢失需要手工拷過來的時候記得需要改成755，oracle:root

else

$ECHO ""

$ECHO "Warning: $LBIN is read only. No files will be copied."

# Make sure an oratab file exists on this system

# Variable to determine whether oratab is new or not; default is true

NEW="true"

if [ ! -s ${ORATAB} ];then

$ECHO ""

$ECHO "Creating ${ORATAB} file..."

if [ ! -d ${ORATABLOC} ];then

$MKDIR -p ${ORATABLOC}

$CAT <<!>> ${ORATAB}

# This file is used by ORACLE utilities. It is created by root.sh

# and updated by either Database Configuration Assistant while creating

# a database or ASM Configuration Assistant while creating ASM instance.

# A colon, ‘:‘, is used as the field terminator. A new line terminates

# the entry. Lines beginning with a pound sign, ‘#‘, are comments.

# Entries are of the form:

# \$ORACLE_SID:\$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>:

# The first and second fields are the system identifier and home

# directory of the database respectively. The third filed indicates

# to the dbstart utility that the database should , "Y", or should not,

# "N", be brought up at system boot time.

# Multiple entries with the same \$ORACLE_SID are not allowed.

# Oratab file exists; this is not a new installation on this system.

# We check if temporary install/oratab exists, and then check if the entry

# in temporary install/oratab has been added to the oratab file.

# In case of patchset this is usually the case, and we don‘t want to reappend

# the same entry to oratab again.

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/install/oratab ]

TMP_ENTRY=`$GREP "${ORACLE_HOME}" $ORACLE_HOME/install/oratab`

FOUND=`$GREP "${TMP_ENTRY}" ${ORATAB}`

if [ -n "${FOUND}" ]

NEW="false"

----->>>>注意，我們所有root.sh腳本執行的日志都會在$ORACLE_HOME/install/下面有的，以便我們進行錯誤定位

$CHOWN $ORACLE_OWNER:$OSDBA_GROUP ${ORATAB}

$CHMOD 664 ${ORATAB}

----->>>/etc/oratab的權限為664

# If there is an old entry with no sid and same oracle home,

# that entry will be marked as a comment.

FOUND_OLD=`$GREP "^*:${ORACLE_HOME}:" ${ORATAB}`

if [ -n "${FOUND_OLD}" ];then

$SED -e "s?^*:$ORACLE_HOME:?# *:$ORACLE_HOME:?" $ORATAB > $TMPORATB

$CAT $TMPORATB > $ORATAB

$RM -f $TMPORATB 2>/dev/null

$ECHO "Entries will be added to the ${ORATAB} file as needed by"

$ECHO "Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created"

# Append the dbca temporary oratab entry to oratab

# In the case of ASM and RAC install, oratab is not yet created when root.sh

# is run, so we need to check for its existence before attempting to append it.

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/install/oratab -a $NEW = "true" ]

$CAT $ORACLE_HOME/install/oratab >> $ORATAB

$ECHO "Finished running generic part of root script."

$ECHO "Now product-specific root actions will be performed."

第三個腳本

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/install/unix/rootadd.sh

#!/usr/bin/sh

. $ORACLE_HOME/install/utl/rootmacro.sh

# the following commands need to run as root after installing

# the OEM Daemon

AWK=/usr/bin/awk

CAT=/usr/bin/cat

CHOWN="/usr/bin/chown"

CHMOD="/usr/bin/chmod"

CHMODR="/usr/bin/chmod -R"

CP=/usr/bin/cp

ECHO=/usr/bin/echo

MKDIR=/usr/bin/mkdir

MV=/bin/mv

GREP=/usr/bin/grep

CUT=/bin/cut

SED=/usr/bin/sed

PLATFORM=`uname`

if [ ${PLATFORM} = "Linux" ] ; then

CAT=/bin/cat

CHOWN=/bin/chown

CHMOD=/bin/chmod

CHMODR="/bin/chmod -R"

CP=/bin/cp

ECHO=/bin/echo

MKDIR=/bin/mkdir

GREP=/bin/grep

if [ ! -f $CUT ] ; then

CUT=/usr/bin/cut

SED=/bin/sed

if [ ${PLATFORM} = "SunOS" ] ; then

GREP=/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

if [ ${PLATFORM} = "Darwin" ] ; then

CAT=/bin/cat

CHOWN="/usr/sbin/chown"

CHMOD="/bin/chmod"

CHMODR="/bin/chmod -R"

CP=/bin/cp

ECHO=/bin/echo

MKDIR=/bin/mkdir

CUT=/usr/bin/cut

# change owner and permissions of the remote operations executible

if [ -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmo.0 ];

$RM -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmo

$CP -p ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmo.0 ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmo

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmo

$CHMOD 4710 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmo

# change owner and permissions of the program that does memory computations

if [ -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmb.0 ];

$RM -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmb

$CP -p ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmb.0 ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmb

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmb

$CHMOD 4710 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmb

# change owner and permissions of the storage metrics executible

if [ -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmhs.0 ];

$RM -f ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmhs

$CP -p ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmhs.0 ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/nmhs

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmhs

$CHMOD 4710 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmhs

#change permissions on emdctl and emagent

$CHMOD 700 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/emagent

$CHMOD 700 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/emdctl

# change permissions so they are accessible by users from groups

# other than the agent user group.

$CHMOD 755 $ORACLE_HOME/bin

$CHMODR a+rX $ORACLE_HOME/lib

$CHMODR a+rX $ORACLE_HOME/perl

#$CHMODR a+rX $ORACLE_HOME/sysman/admin/scripts

$CHMODR a+rX $ORACLE_HOME/jdk

$CHMOD 755 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/nmocat

# Following changes to system executables are needed for getting

# host inventory metrics on HP-UX

if [ ${PLATFORM} = "HP-UX" ] ; then

$CHMOD 555 /usr/sbin/swapinfo

#$CHMOD +r /dev/rdsk/*

$ECHO "Finished product-specific root actions."| $TEE -a $LOG

[oracle@rh64 ~]$

第四個腳本：

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/install/sqlnet/setowner.sh

if [ ! -d /var/tmp/.oracle ]

$MKDIR -p /var/tmp/.oracle;

$CHMOD 01777 /var/tmp/.oracle

$CHOWN root /var/tmp/.oracle

if [ ! -d /tmp/.oracle ]

$MKDIR -p /tmp/.oracle;

$CHMOD 01777 /tmp/.oracle

$CHOWN root /tmp/.oracle

------->>>這個地方要注意了，這個臨時檔案的.oracle，有點意思

第五個腳本：

[oracle@rh64 ~]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/install/rootadd_rdbms.sh

ECHO=/bin/echo

RUID=`/usr/bin/id|$AWK -F\( ‘{print $1}‘|$AWK -F= ‘{print $2}‘`

if [ $RUID -ne 0 ];then

$ECHO "You must be logged in as user with UID as zero (e.g. root user) to run root.sh."

$ECHO "Log in as user with UID as zero (e.g. root user) and restart root.sh execution."

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oradism ]; then

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oradism

$CHMOD 4750 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oradism

# remove backup copy

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oradism.old ]; then

$RM -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oradism.old

# copy extjobo to extjob if it doesn‘t exist

if [ ! -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjob -a -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjobo ]; then

$CP -p $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjobo $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjob

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjob ]; then

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjob

$CHMOD 4750 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/extjob

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/externaljob.ora ]; then

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/externaljob.ora

$CHMOD 640 $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/externaljob.ora

# properly setup job scheduler switch user executable

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/jssu ]; then

$CHOWN root $ORACLE_HOME/bin/jssu

$CHMOD 4750 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/jssu

if [ -f $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/externaljob.ora.orig ]; then

$RM -f $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/externaljob.ora.orig

# tighten permissions on $ORACLE_HOME/scheduler/wallet

$CHMOD 0700 $ORACLE_HOME/scheduler/wallet

# Add a large number to file-max kernel param for memory_target on Linux

OSINFO=`/bin/uname -a`

SYSCTL=/sbin/sysctl

FSMAXFILE=/proc/sys/fs/file-max

FSMVAL=""

SYSCTLCONF=/etc/sysctl.conf

case $OSINFO in

Linux*)

# Read value from /etc/sysctl.conf

if [ -w $SYSCTLCONF ]; then

while read line

case ${line} in

fs.file-max*)

# Value exists in /etc/sysctl.conf. Strip space/tabs and store its value.

FSMVAL=`$ECHO ${line} | $SED ‘s/fs.file-max\s*=\s*//g‘`

;;

esac

done < $SYSCTLCONF

# Update the filemax for current usage

# bug 9797468: change value from 6.4M to 6815744 (due to validated configs)

if [ -z $FSMVAL ] || [ $FSMVAL -lt 6815744 ]; then

# Value is less than our 6815744, update it

$SYSCTL -q -w fs.file-max=6815744

if [ -f $FSMAXFILE ]; then

$ECHO 6815744 > $FSMAXFILE

------->>>>這裡是修改filemax的，需要注意

# Update the filemax across machine reboots by persisting to /etc/sysctl.conf

if [ $FSMVAL ]; then

# Value exists, but less than our requirement. So overwrite it.

if [ $FSMVAL -lt 6815744 ]; then

# Persist it to /etc/sysctl.conf using sed

# Take into account tabs/spaces - bug 9462640

if [ -f $SED ]; then

$SED -i.bak -e "s/^fs.file-max\s*=.*/fs.file-max = 6815744/" $SYSCTLCONF

else

# Value does not exist, so append our required value.

FSMVAL="fs.file-max = 6815744"

$ECHO $FSMVAL >> $SYSCTLCONF

;;

esac

第六個腳本：

[oracle@rh64 tmp]$ cat /u01/app/db11g/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/install/rootadd_filemap.sh

# The filemap binaries need to exist under /opt/ORCLfmap/prot1_X where

# X is either 32 for 32-bit Solaris machines and 64 for 64-bit Solaris

# machines.

# Other UNIX platforms will have to do something similar

ORCLFMAPLOC=/opt/ORCLfmap

FILEMAPLOC=$ORCLFMAPLOC/prot1_64 # needs to be prot1_32 for 32 bit platforms

if [ ! -d $ORCLFMAPLOC ];then

$MKDIR $ORCLFMAPLOC

if [ ! -d $FILEMAPLOC ];then

$MKDIR $FILEMAPLOC

if [ ! -d $FILEMAPLOC/bin ];then

$MKDIR $FILEMAPLOC/bin

if [ ! -d $FILEMAPLOC/etc ];then

$MKDIR $FILEMAPLOC/etc

if [ ! -d $FILEMAPLOC/log ];then

$MKDIR $FILEMAPLOC/log

if [ ! -z "$OSDBA_GROUP" ];then

FMPUTL_GROUP=$OSDBA_GROUP

FMPUTL_GROUP=root

$CP $ORACLE_HOME/bin/fmputl $FILEMAPLOC/bin

$CP $ORACLE_HOME/bin/fmputlhp $FILEMAPLOC/bin

$CHMOD 550 $FILEMAPLOC/bin/fmputl

$CHGRP $FMPUTL_GROUP $FILEMAPLOC/bin/fmputlhp

$CHMOD 4550 $FILEMAPLOC/bin/fmputlhp

if [ ! -f $FILEMAPLOC/etc/filemap.ora ];then

$CP $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/install/filemap.ora $FILEMAPLOC/etc

我把/usr/local/bin/下的東西删除後，對資料庫啟動關閉沒啥影響，

看過一遍腳本後，就明白了root.sh是用來幹嘛的，希望大家有時間多看看oracle自帶的東西，一定會有所收獲了。

oracle是高度子產品化的東西，什麼幾乎都可以重建。就算是備份恢複，當你明白了原理，在面對意外恢複時，你也會想出metalink

想不到的好方法，一切在自己的思維了，跳出了固定模式的思維，你才會進步。

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