Briefing on the excavation of the cemetery in Xi'an Village, Jinhu, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province

Briefing on the excavation of the cemetery in Xi'an Village, Jinhu, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province

Huai'an City Museum

Keywords: Jiangsu, Xi'an village cemetery, Han Dynasty, "boat" shaped tomb, glazed pottery

Abstract: From January to April 2013, huai'an museum conducted rescue archaeological excavations on the cemetery of Xi'an Village in Jinhu, and cleaned up a total of 46 tombs. Among them, there are 37 tombs in the Han Dynasty, which are divided into two categories: earthen pit tombs and brick chamber tombs. There are 1 tomb of the Southern Dynasty, 2 tombs of the Tang Dynasty, 2 tombs of the Song Dynasty, and 4 tombs of the Qing Dynasty. A number of pottery and glazed pottery have been unearthed from han dynasty tombs, including dings, boxes, pots, urns, pots, etc., as well as a small number of bronze, iron, lacquerware, material ware, and stone tools. The shape of the tomb, the combination of funerary products, and the evolution of the utensils fully demonstrate the basic features of the Han Dynasty culture in the region.

Xi'an Village Cemetery is located in Shengli Village, Jinnan Town, Jinhu County, Huai'an City, commonly known as "Xi'an Village" (Figure 1). From January to April 2013, in order to cooperate with the huaihe river inlet waterway improvement project, the Huai'an Museum carried out rescue excavations. A total of 46 tombs have been excavated, including Han, Southern Dynasty, Tang, Song, Qing and so on. The cemetery lasted for a long time, except for 4 Qing Dynasty tombs that were seriously damaged, the rest were relatively good. The excavations of tombs in the Han, Southern, Tang and Song dynasties in this cemetery are briefly described below.

1. Han Dynasty tombs

(1) Tomb shape system

There are a total of 37 tombs, which are divided into two categories: pit vertical tombs and brick chamber tombs.

1. Pit vertical cave tomb

There are 21 seats in total. There are 18 single tombs and 3 double tombs. The plan of the burial chamber is rectangular, none of them are rafters, the theft is serious, and there are fewer burial items. Take M26 and M38 as examples of tombs.

M26 The tomb is 0.4 meters above the surface, and the overall orientation is east-west, with a direction of 102°. The north wall was broken by M23. The mouth is large and small, the upper mouth is 2.5 long, 1.7 wide, the bottom length is 2.25, the width is 1.54, and the tomb depth is 0.65 meters. The four walls of the tomb are roughly chiseled, and the interior is filled with hard five-flowered soil. Single coffin, wooden coffin has decayed, the coffin mark plane is east-west rectangular, 1.8 long, 0.65 to 0.5 meters wide. Human bones are poorly preserved, only the limb bones are recognizable, the head is east and west, and the orientation is unknown. With 12 pieces of burial items, the head of the tomb has a plug, a mouth, a copper mirror and a lacquer box at the end of the foot, all located in the coffin, and the rest of the pottery is located on the south side of the coffin (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Schematic map of the geographical location of the cemetery in Xi'an Village

Figure 2 M26 flat and cross-sectional view of a Han Dynasty tomb

1.Glass mouth 2~5.Glass plug 6.Copper coin 7.Copper mirror 8.Lacquer box 9,11,12.Grey clay pot 10.Glazed clay pot

M38 The tomb is 0.4 meters from the surface, and the whole is in a north-south direction, with a direction of 185°. The bottom of the mouth is the same size, 2.9 long, 2.34 to 2.16 wide, and the depth of the tomb is 0.8 meters. The west wall and the south wall have two-story platforms with raw soil, with an average height of 0.35 meters; the width of the second-story platform of the west wall is 0.45 to 0.5 meters, and the width of the second-story platform of the south wall is 0.1 meters. The plan of the coffin room is rectangular from north to south, and there are 2 wooden coffins, which have decayed into gray marks. The average length is 1.96, the width of the east coffin is 0.55 to 0.6, and the width of the west coffin is 0.58 meters. There are no bones, and the burial style is unknown. Pottery is placed in the northeast corner of the burial chamber, and bronze mirrors, copper coins, mouthpieces, iron knives, iron swords, etc. are placed in the coffin (Fig. 3).

2. Brick chamber tomb

A total of 16 seats. According to the presence or absence of the tomb, it is divided into two types.

Type A No tomb passage, a total of 5, the tomb plan is rectangular.

M9 The tomb is 0.25 meters from the surface, and the whole is in a north-south direction, with a direction of 15°. The burial chamber is 4.7 meters long, 2.8 meters wide and 0.35 meters high. The top was destroyed, the south and north walls were all remnants, the west and east walls were squeezed and collapsed and arced inward, the west wall remained 7 layers of flat bricks, and the east wall remained 10 layers of flat bricks. The bottom of the burial chamber is basically flat with staggered bricks. The burial utensils, burial style, and burial items are unknown (Figure 4).

Type B There are 11 tomb passages, according to the shape of the tomb, divided into two subtypes.

Type Ba The plan of the burial chamber is rectangular.

M24 The tomb is 0.6 meters above the surface, and the whole is in a north-south direction, with a direction of 178°. The tomb is located on the east side, slope-like, rectangular in plan, 2.3 meters long, 0.8 to 0.85 wide, and 0 to 0.85 meters deep. The burial chamber is 4.2 meters long, 1 wide and 0.75 meters high. There is a circular robbery hole in the middle of the burial chamber, and a large number of red pottery fragments have been found in the soil filled in the tomb. All three walls were made of smooth bricks, and the tomb door was destroyed. There are 14 layers of bricks left on the east and west walls, and 15 layers of bricks on the north wall. The bottom of the tomb is tiled along the east, west and south walls, and the middle is tiled with "human" glyph bricks. The bricks are molded with diamond-shaped patterns. Disturbed by theft, burial tools and burial styles are unknown, only the bottom of the burial chamber found the remaining iron sword and copper coin (Fig. 5).

Figure 3 Han Dynasty tomb M38 flat, cross-sectional view

1、13.Copper mirror 2.Iron knife 3.Glass mouth 4~6.Glass plug 7.Copper trim 8,14、15.Copper coin 9.Iron sword 10~12. Grey clay pot

Figure 4 Han Dynasty tomb M9 flat, cross-sectional view

Fig. 5 M24 flat and cross-sectional view of a Han Dynasty tomb

1. Iron sword 2. Copper coin

Figure 6 M2 flat and cross-sectional view of a Han Dynasty tomb

Type Bb The plan of the burial chamber is convex.

The M2 tomb is 0.5 meters above the surface in an orientation of 273°. The tomb is located in the middle of the burial chamber, slope-like and not fully excavated. The burial chamber is 4.6 meters long, 2.37 wide and 1.07 meters high, and the top is damaged. All four walls are brick. The upper part of the west wall is 5 rows of smooth bricks, and the lower part is 4 rows of smooth bricks, with 1 to 2 rows of smooth bricks at intervals. Near the tomb door are 18 rows of smooth brick flat blocks. The east wall arced up, and the upper part was destroyed. The patterned brick pattern is decorated with semi-concentric circles. It was stolen and disturbed, and the burial utensils, burial style, and burial items are unknown (Figure 6).

(2) Excavated items

The cemetery was seriously disturbed, and after many efforts to recover a number of cultural relics. In the briefing, these cultural relics were also classified into the artifacts excavated from the cemetery and sorted out and studied, so as to reflect the cultural outlook of the cemetery more completely. Therefore, some specimens are numbered as collection numbers, which are hereby indicated.

1. Pottery Gray pottery is the mainstay, and red pottery is less. Utensils are ding, pot, pot, stove, koshiki and so on.

Ding 1 piece. Specimen collection: 0665, clay pottery. The body is slightly closed and the lips are square. Obliquely curved abdomen, lower abdomen slightly drooping, flat bottom, three hoof-shaped high feet. Curved cover, nearly flat top, with a third-equidistant ring button, the button hole penetrates. The lid is decorated with a concave string pattern. The diameter of the body is 15.5, the diameter of the bottom is 10.2, the maximum abdominal diameter is 18.2, the height is 16.8 cm, and the diameter of the cover is 16.7 cm (Figure 7, 12).

The pots are all clay, with both red and gray pottery. According to the overall shape, gray clay pots are divided into small gray clay pots, amphora jars, straight-mouth jars, folded belly jars, and high-necked jars.

1 piece of terracotta pot. Specimen M44:2, larger, short straight mouth, curved shoulders, lower abdomen micro-drum oblique adduction, round bottom. A concave string pattern on the shoulder. The upper abdomen of the instrument is printed with a vertical jomon pattern, and the lower abdomen is printed with a transverse jomon pattern. Caliber 22, maximum abdominal diameter 42, height 29.8 cm (Fig. 7, 15).

Small grey clay pot 2 pieces. Short straight mouth, rounded lips, slippery shoulders, oblique lower abdomen, flat bottom slightly concave. Specimen collection: 0690, mouth slight luxury, drum belly. Caliber 8, bottom diameter 5, maximum abdominal diameter 12.4, pass height 6.3 cm (Fig. 7, 13). Specimen collection: 0689, the middle of the abdomen is straight. Caliber 9, base diameter 5.9, maximum abdominal diameter 13.4, pass height 5.8 cm (Fig. 7, 14).

Amphora jar 5 pieces. According to the different mouth parts, it is divided into two types.

Type A 1 piece. Straight mouth slightly extravagant. Specimen M44:1, square lip, micro-corset neck, drum shoulders, rounded abdomen, undercoordinal concave. A pair of bull nose ears are placed on the shoulders. The middle of the abdomen is printed with a transverse intermittent jomon. Caliber 11.2, base diameter 5.1, maximum abdominal diameter 25.2, pass height 20.1 cm (Figure 7, 1).

Type B 4 pieces. Extravagance. There are three types according to the changes in the abdomen.

I. 1 piece. Round belly. Specimen M28:1, pointed round lip, long neck, slippery shoulders, concave at the bottom. Shoulders are opposed to the bull's nose ears. The lower abdomen is printed obliquely towards the base. Caliber 14.4, base diameter 9.6, maximum abdominal diameter 26.6, pass height 25.6 cm (Fig. 7, 2).

Ii. 1 piece. Drooping abdomen. Specimen M30:2, pointed round lip, shorter corset neck, slippery shoulders, concave bottom. Shoulders are opposed to the bull's nose ears. The upper part of the body is decorated with concave string patterns, and the oblique and transverse rope patterns are printed near the bottom of the lower abdomen. Caliber 13.4, base diameter 11.6, maximum abdominal diameter 28.4, pass height 28.2 cm (Fig. 7, 3).

III. 2 pieces. The middle of the abdomen is nearly straight, and the lower abdomen is slightly droopy. Specimen M37:13, extravagant mouth, pointed round lip, short corset neck, slippery shoulders, underbody concave. Shoulders are opposed to the bull's nose ears. Oblique and transverse rope patterns are photographed near the base of the lower abdomen. Caliber 14.8, base diameter 11, maximum abdominal diameter 26, pass height 25.4 cm (Fig. 7, 4).

Figure 7 Pottery excavated from Han Dynasty tombs

1. Type A amphora (M44:1) 2.B Type I Type Amphora (M28:1) 3.B Type II. Amphora (M30:2) 4.B Type III Amphora (M37:13) 5.A Type Straight Can (M31:3) 6.B Type Straight Can (M45:1) 7.C Type Straight Can (M36:2) 8. Belly-folding jar (M43:1) 9. Turtleneck jar (M29:1) 10. Stove (M4:5) 11. Koshiki (M13:6) 12. Ding (mining: 0665) 13, 14.Small gray clay pot (mining: 0690, mining: 0689) 15.Red clay pot (M44:2)

Straight cans for 3 pieces. Straight mouth, square lips, according to the shoulders are divided into three types.

Type A 1 piece. Slip shoulders. Specimen M31:3, arc-ventral obliquely retracted, flat bottom. The shoulders are decorated with three concave strings. Caliber 8, base diameter 10.4, maximum abdominal diameter 22.9, pass height 21.7 cm (Fig. 7, 5).

Type B 1 piece. Drum shoulders. Specimen M45:1, arc-ventral obliquely retracted, flat bottom. Plain noodles. Caliber 15.5, base diameter 16, maximum abdominal diameter 26, pass height 19.1 cm (Fig. 7, 6).

Type C 1 piece. Folded shoulders. Specimen M36:2, arc-ventral obliquely retracted, flat-bottomed micro-concave. The lower abdomen and near the bottom are printed with transverse continuous and oblique jomons. Caliber 13.2, base diameter 8, maximum abdominal diameter 25.1, pass height 20 cm (Fig. 7, 7).

Folding jar 1 piece. Specimen M43:1, extravagant mouth. Short neck, folded shoulders, folded abdomen, flat bottom, plain surface. Caliber 14.4, base diameter 13.2, maximum abdominal diameter 23.1, height 20.9 cm (Fig. 7, 8).

High neck jar 1 piece. Specimen M29:1, straight mouth micro-extravagance, long neck micro-bundle, square lip. Folded shoulders, the middle of the abdomen is straight, the lower abdomen is curved and adducted, flat bottom, plain surface. Caliber 8.9, base diameter 6.6, maximum abdominal diameter 20.1, pass height 24.1 cm (Fig. 7, 9).

Stove 1 piece. Specimen M4:5, clay pottery. The whole is boat-shaped, with anterior tip and a posterior tip, and a slightly upturned tip. There are two round fire eyes on the stove surface, and the square does not fall to the floor stove door. There are three concave chords carved on the stove wall and the stove door. Length 33.3, width 24.7, height 12.5 cm (Fig. 7, 10).

Koshiki 1 piece. Specimen M13:6, clay pottery. Open mouth, round lip, obliquely curved abdomen, flat bottom. There are 7 small circular holes at the bottom, which are not penetrated. Caliber 11.4, base diameter 4.1, height 6.8 cm (Fig. 7, 11).

2. Glazed pottery Ware types are ding, urn, pot, pot, etc.

Ding 4 pieces. The body is a sub-mouth, and there is a folded edge between the upper and lower abdomen, and the bottom is flat. Covered bowl-shaped lid. Depending on the abdomen, there are three types.

Type A 1 piece. The lower abdomen is arced and adducted. Specimen collection: 0667, ding body is a round lip with a pointed mouth, the shoulders are opposed to the rectangular outer skimming ears, rectangular ear holes, and the ear surface is decorated with fine lines. Three short hoof-shaped feet with thick heels and thick lines. The top of the cover is nearly flat, and the three-ring button is placed. Grey tires, lids and upper abdomen are glazed, and the glazing is serious. The diameter of the body is 15.4, the diameter of the bottom is 11.2, the maximum abdominal diameter is 16.7, and the height is 16.9 cm; the diameter of the cover is 15.1 cm (Fig. 8, 7).

Type B 2 pieces. Slightly curved abdomen, slightly bulging shoulders. It is divided into two types according to the different feet.

I. 1 piece. The three-hoofed foot is higher and the tiptoe is outstretched. Specimen collection: 0668, body mouth, pointed round lip. The shoulders are opposed to the rectangular outer skimming ears, rectangular ear holes, and a straight line at each of the four corners. The top of the cover is nearly flat, and the three-ring button is placed. The reddish-brown tires are covered with a blue-yellow glaze on the lid and upper abdomen. The diameter of the body is 13.6, the diameter of the bottom is 13, the maximum abdominal diameter is 17.4, the height is 20.3 cm, and the diameter of the cover is 15.3 cm (Fig. 8, 8).

Ii. 1 piece. The three-hoofed foot is shorter, and the body becomes shorter and flattened. Specimen collection: 0670, body mouth, round lip. The shoulders are opposed to the rectangular micro-skimmed ears, rectangular ear holes, and the ear surface is decorated with cirrus patterns. The top of the cover is equipped with a low circle foot catcher. Gray tires, the cover surface and the upper abdomen are originally glazed, and the glazing is serious. The diameter of the body is 14.4, the bottom diameter is 10.6, the maximum abdominal diameter is 18.5, and the height is 16.5 cm; the cover diameter is 16 cm (Fig. 8, 9).

Figure 8 The tombs of the Han Dynasty unearthed glazed pottery urns, pots and dings

1. Aa type urn (M23:1) 2. Ab-type urn (mining: 0682) 3.Ba-type urn (mining: 0687) 4.Bb-type urn (mining: 0683) 5.C-type urn (mining: 0688) 6.tank (M26:10) 7.A type Ding (mining: 0667) 8.B type I. ding (mining: 0668) 9.B type II. type Ding (mining: 0670) 10.C ding (mining: 0669)

Type C 1 piece. Obliquely straight abdomen. Specimen collection: 0669, the body is a mouth, pointed round lip. The shoulders are opposite rectangular and short straight to the ears, and the rectangular ear holes. Three-hoofed dwarf foot. The top of the lid is slightly concave, leaving only a ring of buttons, and the button holes are penetrated. Gray tires, cover surface with blue and yellow glaze, the original glaze on the abdomen of the body, deglaze is serious. The diameter of the body is 14.8, the bottom diameter is 9, the maximum abdominal diameter is 17.2, the height is 18.1 cm, and the cover diameter is 15.5 cm (Fig. 8, 10).

Jar 1 piece. Specimen M26:10, micro-extravagant mouth, square lip, corset of neck, slip shoulder, bulging abdomen, flat bottom. The shoulders are opposed to the banana leaf pattern bridge-shaped ears. Reddish-brown tire, the outer wall is applied with green and yellow glaze, the glaze is not enough to the bottom, and the glaze is serious. Caliber 7.8, bottom diameter 11.5, maximum abdominal diameter 17.5, pass height 15.7 cm (Fig. 8, 6).

Urn 8 pieces. According to the different mouth parts, it is divided into three types.

Type A 5 pieces. Straight mouth, flat edge, slippery shoulders, bulging abdomen, lower abdomen obliquely retracted, shoulder opposite animal face pattern bridge-shaped ears. There are two subtypes according to the bottom.

Aa type 2 pieces. flat bottom. Specimen M23:1 with a concave string pattern on the shoulders. The outer wall of the body has a wheeled spiral pattern. The tire color is gray-brown, and the upper part of the body is originally glazed, and it basically falls off and does not exist. Caliber 9.2, base diameter 13.7, maximum abdominal diameter 26.2, height 23.8 cm (Fig. 8, 1).

Ab type 3 pieces. Bottom concave. Specimen collection: 0682, upper cover, cover tower-like catcher. The shoulder and abdomen are decorated with 5 concave string patterns, and 1 concave string pattern near the bottom. Gray-brown tire, the lid and the upper part of the body were originally applied with green and yellow glaze, and the glaze was seriously deglazed. The diameter of the body is 11, the bottom diameter is 16.3, the maximum abdominal diameter is 24.8, and the height is 27.6 cm; the cover diameter is 11.4 cm (Fig. 8, 2).

Type B 2 pieces. Mouth, oblique edge, shoulder slip, bulging abdomen, lower abdomen obliquely retracted, shoulder opposite animal face pattern bridge-shaped ears. There are two subtypes according to the bottom.

Ba type 1 piece. Bottom concave. Specimen collection: 0687, 4 sets of convex string bands on the shoulders, convex ribs on the lower abdomen. Gray tires, the original glaze on the upper abdomen of the instrument, the glazing is serious. The body diameter is 7.6, the bottom diameter is 13.8, the maximum abdominal diameter is 23.5, and the height is 21 cm (Fig. 8, 3).

Bb type 1 piece. flat bottom. Specimen collection: 0683, the upper part of the ear is stacked with "∽" shaped pattern. The lower abdomen is decorated with convex ribs. Gray-brown tires, the upper part of the body is glazed with blue and yellow. The body diameter is 8.2, the bottom diameter is 14.4, the maximum abdominal diameter is 27.1, and the height is 24.8 cm (Fig. 8, 4).

Type C 1 piece. The mouth of the mother-daughter has a circle of convex edges outside the mouth. Specimen collection: 0688, shoulder slip, bulging abdomen, lower abdomen obliquely retracted, flat bottom concave. The shoulders are opposed to the banana leaf pattern bridge-shaped ears. The shoulders and abdomen are each decorated with a concave string pattern. The inner and outer walls of the vessel have wheeled spiral patterns. Upper cover, cover tower-like catcher. Gray-brown tires, the cover surface and the upper part of the body are originally applied with green and yellow glaze, and the glaze is seriously deglazed. The body diameter is 10.5, the bottom diameter is 9.5, the maximum abdominal diameter is 22.2, and the height is 23.4 cm; the cover diameter is 10.7 cm (Figure 8, 5).

Pot 2 0 pieces. According to the mouth part, it is different from the three types.

Type A 10 pieces. Trumpet. There are three subtypes that differ according to the neck and abdomen.

Aa type 5 pieces. Long straight neck, slippery shoulders, pointed bulging abdomen. Shoulder symmetrical leaf vein pattern bridge ear or leaf vein, animal face pattern combination ear. Depending on the neck and the circle foot changes, there are five types.

I. 1 piece. Outer skimmer high circle foot. Specimen collection: 0680, the shoulders are slightly shrugged, and the abdomen is flatter and drummed. The epaulette is triaded with three concave strings and two sets of water ripples. Brown tires, the inner and outer walls of the mouth are glazed with green and yellow glaze, and there are local bubbles bulging. Caliber 11, bottom diameter 10.8, maximum abdominal diameter 22.7, pass height 27.3 cm (Fig. 9, 3).

Ii. 1 piece. The outer skimmer foot becomes shorter. Specimen collection: 0674, the root of the neck is decorated with a concave string pattern, the shoulder is decorated with two concave string patterns and two sets of water ripples. Brown tires, blue and yellow glaze in the mouth and on the shoulders of the utensils. Caliber 10.8, base diameter 10.4, maximum abdominal diameter 21.6, pass height 31.6 cm (Fig. 9, 4).

Iii. 1 piece. The neck is slightly short, and the circle foot is nearly straight and slightly outwardly skimmed. Specimen collection: 0677, epaulette with five concave string patterns and two sets of water ripples. The neck and lower abdomen have wheeled spirals on the inner and outer walls. Brown tires, blue and yellow glaze in the mouth, at the base of the neck and on the upper abdomen. Caliber 9.5, base diameter 10, maximum abdominal diameter 24, pass height 28.7 cm (Fig. 9, 5).

Figure 9 Glazed clay pots unearthed from Han Dynasty tombs

1.Aa type V. (mining: 0671) 2.Cb type (mining: 0666) 3.Aa type I. (mining: 0680) 4.Aa type II. (mining: 0674) 5.Aa type III. (mining: 0677) 6.Aa type IV. (mining: 0675) 7.Ab type I. (mining: 0678) 8.Ab type II. (mining: 0691) 9.Ab type III. (mining: 0673) 10.Ac type I. (mining: 0681) 11.Ac type II(mining: 0679) 12.B (M37:8) 13.Ca Type I(Adopted: 0686) 14.Ca Type II(M13:3)

Type IV 1 piece. The neck is slightly short, and the short straight circle feet. Specimen collection: 0675, with wheeled spiral pattern on the upper abdomen. Brown tires, blue and yellow glaze in the mouth and upper part of the body. Caliber 8.9, base diameter 11.6, maximum abdominal diameter 26, pass height 31.3 cm (Fig. 9, 6).

V. 1 piece. The neck is slightly shorter, the circle feet become flat bottom, and the recesses are slightly concave. Specimen collection: 0671, epaulette with four concave string patterns. Gray tires, the mouth and the upper part of the instrument surface are applied with blue and yellow glaze, there are glazed tears in the part, and the glaze is serious. Caliber 15.9, base diameter 17.7, maximum abdominal diameter 35, pass height 39 cm (Fig. 9, 1).

Ab type 3 pieces. Long straight neck, rounded belly, slippery shoulders, flat bottom. The shoulders are opposed to the leaf veined bridge-shaped ears. It is divided into three types according to the changes in the neck and the circle foot.

I. 1 piece. Slender neck, straight, outer skimming high circle foot. Specimen collection: 0678, epaulette 5 concave string patterns and 2 groups of water ripples. Brown tires, blue and yellow glaze inside the mouth, root of the neck and shoulders. Caliber 9.7, base diameter 9, maximum abdominal diameter 18.8, pass height 29 cm (Fig. 9, 7).

Type II 1 piece. The outer skimmer foot becomes shorter. Specimen collection: 0691, the root of the neck is decorated with a concave string pattern. Epaulette with 2 concave strings. The inner wall of the vessel has a wheeled spiral pattern. Gray-brown tires, with a green and yellow glaze applied to the mouth and abdomen of the body, partially shedding. Caliber 9.9, bottom diameter 12.4, maximum abdominal diameter 20.1, height 27.2 cm (Fig. 9, 8).

Iii. 1 piece. Thick straight neck, straight short circle foot. Specimen collection: 0673, shoulder ornament a concave string pattern, the inside and outer walls of the vessel have wheeled spiral pattern. Apply a blue-yellow glaze to the inside of the mouth and the upper part of the body. The caliber is 9.9, the bottom diameter is 13.1, the maximum abdominal diameter is 26.3, and the height is 30.2 cm (Figure 9, 9).

Ac type 3 pieces. Short bundle neck, pointed bulging abdomen. Slip shoulders, circle feet. The shoulders are opposed to the leaf veined bridge-shaped ears. According to the changes in the abdomen and the circle foot, it is divided into two types.

I. 1 piece. The maximum abdominal diameter is in the middle. Circle foot outer skimming. Specimen collection: 0681, reddish-brown tire, blue and yellow glaze applied to the mouth, neck root and upper abdomen. Caliber 10.2, base diameter 15, maximum abdominal diameter 26.2, pass height 30.4 cm (Fig. 9, 10).

Type II 2 pieces. The maximum abdominal diameter is moved down, and the lower abdomen is bulging or slightly drooping. Circle foot short straight. Specimen collection: 0679, there are wheeled spiral patterns on the shoulders and inside the wall. Reddish-brown tires, blue and yellow glaze is applied to the inside of the mouth and the upper part of the body. Caliber 9.1, base diameter 11.7, maximum abdominal diameter 20.9, pass height 25.2 cm (Fig. 9, 11).

Type B 4 pieces. The mouth is extravagant like a shallow disc, round lips, long bundle neck is straight, shoulders, bulging abdomen, short circle foot. Specimen M37:8, shoulder opposed banana leaf pattern bridge ear. The root of the neck is decorated with concave and water ripples, the shoulders are decorated with two sets of concave string bands, and the lower abdomen is decorated with convex ribs. Reddish-brown tires, the mouth along the inner wall and shoulder abdomen originally applied green and yellow glaze, glazing is serious. Caliber 12.3, base diameter 10.5, maximum abdominal diameter 18.8, pass height 24.5 cm (Fig. 9, 12).

C type 6 pieces. Deep handicap. There are two subtypes according to the bottom.

Ca type 5 pieces. flat bottom. According to the depth of the handicap and the change of the neck, there are 2 types.

I. 2 pieces. The handicap is slightly deeper and the neck is thinner. Specimen collection: 0686, slip shoulder, pointed drum belly. The shoulders are opposed to the banana leaf pattern bridge-shaped ears. The lower two concave string patterns along the mouth, two sets of string belts are decorated on the shoulders, and there are convex ribs on the shoulders and abdomen. Gray tires, the mouth along the inner wall and the outer wall of the vessel are applied green and yellow glaze, deglaze is serious. Caliber 11, base diameter 9.8, maximum abdominal diameter 21.5, pass height 27.4 cm (Fig. 9, 13).

Ii. Type 3 pieces. The handicap is slightly shallow, the lip is rounded, the crease at the corner of the mouth and neck is not very obvious, and the neck is wider. Specimen M13:3, slipped shoulder, bulging abdomen. The shoulders are opposed to the banana leaf pattern bridge-shaped ears. The mouth is decorated with two concave string patterns under the rim, and the shoulders are decorated with two sets of string patterns. Brown tires, the mouth along the inner wall and the outer wall of the body are glazed. Caliber 9, bottom diameter 8.1, maximum abdominal diameter 16.4, pass height 22 cm (Fig. 9, 14).

Cb type 1 piece. Circle foot, slightly skimmed. Specimen collection: 0666, shoulder slip, hanging abdomen. The shoulders are opposed to the leaf veined bridge-shaped ears, and the upper part of the ears is stacked with croissant patterns. The outer wall of the mouth and the base of the neck are decorated with water ripples and concave string patterns, and the shoulders are decorated with two sets of convex string patterns. Brown tires, blue and yellow glaze in the mouth and shoulders. Caliber 14.8, base diameter 15.7, maximum abdominal diameter 32.2, pass height 42.2 cm (Figure 9, 2).

3. Bronze ware there are mirrors, coins, hooks, rings, etc.

Mirror 14 pieces. 3 pieces of severe rust are not recognizable, and the remainder is divided into four categories.

Four-breasted four-sided mirror 3 pieces. Specimen M37:1, round, mirror slightly convex, thicker. Semi-circular button, round button seat, wide flat edge. The exterior of the seat is decorated with four sets of three short vertical lines and four short diagonal lines. The outer two convex chord patterns and two circles of ctenophores are a combination of four breast nails and four cockroaches. Diameter 9 cm (Fig. 10, 3).

Figure 10 Bronze mirrors unearthed from Han Dynasty tombs

1、2. Divine Beast Mirror (M8:1, M41:1) 3. Four-breasted four-mantis mirror (M37:1) 4.Daylight mirror (collection: 2) 5.Zhaoming mirror (collection: 1)

Zhao Ming Mirror 3 pieces. Specimen collection: 1, round, semi-circular button, round button seat, wide flat plain edge. The exterior of the seat is decorated with eight arcs inward. Its outer two circles of convex strings, between which there is an inscription "Inner clear and bright light and like the sun and the moon". Diameter 8.8 cm (Fig. 10, 5).

Fluorescent mirror 3 pieces. Specimen collection: 2, round, semi-circular button, round button seat, narrow plain edge. The exterior trim of the seat is curved eight times to the interior. The outer two circles of convex strings have the inscription "Don't forget to see the elephant of the sun and the moon". Diameter 6.7 cm (Fig. 10, 4).

Divine Beast Bo Bureau Mirror 2 pieces. Specimen M8:1, round, mirror slightly convex. Semi-circular button, persimmon pattern button seat. The outer seat is decorated with square convex string pattern and concave checkered pattern for one week each, and the double vertical short line is decorated between them. On the outside, it is decorated with eight milk nail patterns and Boju patterns, and each district is decorated with two god beasts, and the outer side is decorated with double convex string patterns, and there is an inscription on the side of the "Shangfang Mirror Really Coincidentally, there are mountain people who do not know the old thirst to drink Jade Spring and hunger for dates", and there is a circle of ctenophores on the outside. Wide rim, the edge surface between the two circles of serrated pattern decorated with convex string pattern and double water ripple. Diameter 15.7 cm (Fig. 10, 1). Specimen M41:1, round, mirror straight. Semi-circular button, persimmon button seat, concave checkered outside for a week. It is divided into two areas, the inner and outer areas, which are decorated with four breast nail patterns and four T-shaped patterns, and each T-shaped pattern is decorated with a beast on each of the three sides. The four L-shaped and four V-shaped patterns in the outer area are decorated with a total of eight beasts. It has a concave stripe and a circle of ctenophores on the outside. Wide rim, between the two concave chord patterns decorated with a circle of cloud patterns. Diameter 14.7 cm (Fig. 10, 2).

Coins are available in five baht and fifty-two kinds of large springs (Fig. 11).

Figure 11 Copper coins unearthed from Han Dynasty tombs

1. Five baht (M46:1-2) 2. Oizumi Fifty (M46:1-5)

Fig. 12 Artifacts excavated from Han Dynasty tombs

1.Kenshi (M23:4) 2.Copper ring (M28:2) 3.Shi Daiban (M37:2) 4.A type copper belt hook (M4:6) 5, 6.B copper belt hook (M23:7, M4:2) 7.Silver ring (M8:10) 8, 9. Glass mouth (M25:2, M23:2) 10 ~ 13. Glass plug (M25:4, M38:4, M8:2, 5)

With hook 7 pieces. 3 pieces were damaged, and the remaining 4 pieces were divided into two types.

Type A 2 pieces. Smaller type. Lute-shaped hook body, round belly, back with a round button. Specimen M4:6, length 3, width 1.3, height 1.3 cm (Fig. 12, 4).

Type B 2 pieces. Slender lute-shaped hook body with a round button on the back. Specimen M23:7, hooked plain surface, length 7.1, width 1.2, height 1.2 cm (Fig. 12, 5). Specimen M4:2, hooked with a melon rib, 7.3 cm long, 1 cm wide and 1 cm high (Fig. 12, 6).

Ring 1 piece. Specimen M28:2, doughnut- with an inner diameter of 1.4 and an outer diameter of 2.3 cm (Fig. 12, 2).

4. Silverware

Ring 1 piece. Specimen M8:10, ring-shaped, outer diameter 2, inner diameter 1.8 cm (Fig. 12, 7).

5. Iron tools include swords, ring knives, knives, etc., which are seriously decayed and cannot be repaired.

6. Lacquerware ware has boxes, ear cups, etc., all of which are decayed and cannot be extracted.

7. Glassware

5 pieces of kouhuan. Shaped like a cicada, with a raised back, a ridge in the middle, a plain surface, and a triangular cross-section. Specimen M25:2, the first end is engraved with a concave string pattern, length 3.5, width 2.1 cm, height 0.5 cm (Fig. 12, 8); specimen M23:2, the first end is engraved with 3 concave chord patterns, length 3.8, width 2.2, height 0.5 cm (Fig. 12, 9).

Trick plug 15 pieces, can be divided into two categories. A class of 11 pieces, columnar, a slightly pointed rounded end, plain surface. Specimen M25:4, length 1.6, width 0.6 cm (Fig. 12, 10). Specimen M38:4, length 2.4, width 0.8 cm (Fig. 12, 11). Another category of 4 pieces, damaged. Dark blue, tubular hollow. Specimen M8:2, flared bottom, height 0.6, bottom width 1.2, pore diameter 0.15 cm (Fig. 12, 12). Specimen M8:5, height 1.3, width 0.5~0.6, pore diameter 0.1 cm (Fig. 12, 13).

9. Stone tools

Daisy plate 1 group of 2 pieces, consisting of daisy plate and grinding stone. Specimen M37:2, slate, rectangular, broken in the middle, both sides are polished relatively flat, one side is left with ink marks, 12.7 long, 4.3 wide, 0.3 cm thick. Stone, square button seat, round button, side length 3.2, button diameter 3.2 cm (Fig. 12, 3).

1 piece of research stone. Specimen M23:4, square button holder, round button, side length 3.2, button diameter 3.1 cm. The surface of the round button has a red color drawing, which is partially damaged and unrecognizable (Fig. 12, 1).

2. Southern Dynasty tombs

Only 1 was found, a brick chamber tomb.

M22 The tomb is 0.25 m above the surface in an orientation of 63°. The whole is in the shape of an east-west "A" glyph, with a total length of 8.2 meters. From east to west, it is composed of four departments: the tomb passage, the sealed door, the Yongdao, the front room and the back room. The slope of the tomb, the plane is rectangular, not fully excavated, the excavated part is 1.2 meters deep. The closed door has been destroyed, and a few bricks remain. The south wall of Yongdao remains 1 to 2 layers of bricks, smooth bricks, 1.2 meters long from east to west, and 0.06 meters high. The north wall was destroyed and the width is unknown. The front chamber is rectangular in plan, and the north and south walls remain 1 to 3 layers of brick walls, which are made of three shun and one ding, and the front and back of the shun brick are staggered. The front room is on the same plane as the bottom of the corridor, and the "human" glyph is paved with brick floors. The rear chamber is immediately adjacent to the front chamber, the plane is rectangular, 2.1 meters long from east to west, 1.7 meters wide from north to south, and about 8 layers of brick remain. The west wall is paved with three shun and one ding and four shun yi ding, and the ground is paved with smooth brick staggered seams. The floor of the rear chamber is about 0.2 meters higher than the front chamber to form a coffin bed, which consists of two layers of bricks, one flat and one standing. Disturbed by theft, burial tools, burial style is unknown, only 5 pieces of celadon are scattered in the front and rear rooms. The brick pattern has a deformed lotus pattern, a semi-concentric circle pattern, a cross pattern, etc. (Figure 13).

Figure 13 Southern Dynasty tomb M22 flat, cross-sectional view

1~ 5. Celadon bowl

Fig. 14 Artifacts excavated from the Southern Dynasty tomb M22

1 ～ 5. Celadon bowl (M22: 1, 3, 2, 4, 5)

Celadon bowl 5 pieces. Rounded lips, curved abdomen, false circle foot. The tire color is light gray and the tire quality is rough. The inner wall is glazed, and the outer wall is glazed below the bottom. The tire color is bluish yellow, shiny, and partially deglazed. Specimen M22:1, deep arc abdomen. The lower edge of the mouth is carved with lotus petals. The caliber is 16.2, the bottom diameter is 6.8, and the height is 9.6 cm (Fig. 14, 1). Specimen M22:3, with a concave chord along the mouth, caliber 15.6, base diameter 7.4, pass height 6.5 cm (Fig. 14, 2). Specimen M22:2, caliber 8.8, bottom diameter 3, pass height 4.3 cm (Fig. 14, 3). Specimen M22:4, caliber 9, bottom diameter 3.4, pass height 4.5 cm (Fig. 14, 4). Specimen M22:5, caliber 9.5, bottom diameter 4.2, height 4.4 cm (Fig. 14, 5).

3. Tang Dynasty tombs

2, both masonry tombs, of which M5 was badly damaged, taking M7 as an example.

The M7 as a whole is a rectangle with a wide middle narrow at both ends and a 58° orientation. The tomb mouth is 0.5 meters from the surface, the tomb is 2.4 meters long, 0.6 to 0.8 wide, 0.5 to 0.8 deep, 2.3 long and 0.5 to 0.6 meters wide. The bottom of the burial chamber is tiled with smooth brick staggered seams, and the surrounding areas are built with vertical and backward staggered seams, and the corners and joints are stuffed with residual bricks, and then the vertical bricks are stacked from bottom to top on the basis of the vertical bricks. The brick sizes are 24×12×13 cm. The burial tools and burial style are unknown, but only a few teeth have been found in the northeast corner of the burial chamber. There is a bowl and a note in the tomb (Fig. 15).

1 celadon bowl. Specimen M7:1, open, pointed round lip, obliquely curved abdomen, cake foot. Brown tires, rough tires, a layer of makeup soil applied to the surface. There are three nail marks inside the bowl. The inner wall is glazed, the outer wall is glazed less than the bottom, the glaze color is yellow and blue, and the glaze is serious. Caliber 14.1, bottom diameter 7, height 5.8 cm (Fig. 16, 1).

Celadon note 1 piece. Specimen M7:2, flared mouth, short diameter, slip shoulders, rounded abdomen, lower abdomen obliquely retracted, flat bottom. Shoulders are placed in a multi-prismatic short stream, front and rear opposed double tie, curved handles. Yellow-brown tires, rough tires, with makeup on the surface. Yellow glaze is applied along the inner wall and outer wall of the mouth, and the bottom is unglazed, and the glaze color is yellow and blue, and the glaze is partially deglazed. Caliber 10.8, base diameter 10.9, maximum abdominal diameter 18, pass height 24 cm (Fig. 16, 2).

Fig. 15 Floor plan of the Tang Dynasty tomb M7

Fig. 16 Artifacts excavated from the Tang Dynasty tomb M7

1. Porcelain Bowl (M7:1) 2.Porcelain Note (M7:2)

4. Tombs of the Song Dynasty

2 seats. Among them, M17 is a single vertical pit tomb, and only one coarse porcelain vase is buried. M21 is a masonry tomb.

M21 The tomb is 0.65 meters above the surface, and the whole is in a north-south direction, with a direction of 210°. The brick single-chamber tomb resembles a ship, with a pointed tip like a bow at the south end and a slightly wider stern at the north end. The tomb is 2.06 meters long and 0.44 to 0.6 meters wide. The two sides of the burial chamber are built with longitudinal staggered seams of smooth bricks, the corners and joints are filled with residual bricks, and the northern end is used as a vertical brick as the tomb door. Later, on the basis of the standing bricks, the bottom up is stacked and the inner closing bricks are flattened for 5 floors, and 35 whole bricks are crossed from the upper middle to the tomb door, and the southern half is stacked with flat bricks. The brick sizes are 23×11×3 cm. The burial tools and burial style are unknown, but there is only a white porcelain dish at the end of the head of the burial chamber (Fig. 17).

Figure 17 Song Dynasty tomb M21 flat, cross-sectional view

Fig. 18 Artifacts excavated from tombs in the Song Dynasty

1. Porcelain bottle (M17:1) 2. Porcelain dish (M21:1)

Porcelain bottle 1 piece. Specimen M17:1, small mouth, flat edge, curved shoulder, straight abdomen, lower abdomen obliquely retracted, flat bottom. The shoulders are placed in four series, all of which are mutilated. The lower abdomen has a spinning pattern. The tire color is grayish brown and the tire quality is rough. The mouth is glazed with a blue-yellow glaze along the inner wall and shoulders. Caliber 7.3, bottom diameter 9.1, maximum abdominal diameter 18.2, pass height 38.6 cm (Figure 18, 1).

Porcelain dish 1 piece. Specimen M21:1, flower mouth, round lip, oblique straight wall, flat bottom, circle foot. The tire color is white, the tire texture is delicate, and the whole body is applied with transparent glaze. Caliber 15.1, base diameter 6.7, height 3.4 cm (Fig. 18, 2).

5. Ming Dynasty tombs

Figure 19 Collecting land coupons for the Ming Dynasty

A ming dynasty land purchase voucher (Figure 19) was collected, and the appendix is as follows:

The Ming Dynasty was directly subordinate to the Yangzhou capital Gaoyou Prefecture Changping Township Ping'axi Village Ji Family House / Live Filial Piety Ji MaoXun and other concubines were born on the third day of the first month of may in the wanli calendar, died on the second day of the first month of February in the year of Chongzhen Shuchen, died since the death of / Wei Bu An, now Bu Ben Township □ The Yindi □, □□ Yuanji, I would like to pay tribute to / Kai Empress Tuyuan Jun, bought the Benshan, east to the Green Dragon, west to the White Tiger, south to / Suzaku, north to Xuanwu, to stop the Qingtian, down to the Yellow Spring, to stop the dead, Ji Xiao Nei /Fang Gou Chen, divided into four domains, guarding the sealing boundary, the road general, Qi Su Que Mo, if there is a violation of the prohibition, the general will act, Fu He Bo is respectful of the sacrifice of wine, the alliance letter / oath, the two sides of the wealth and land delivery. On December 15 of the year of Chongzhen Jia shu, the heavens/earth were opened, the sound of barking, the grass was cut and broken, the coffin was buried, the mountain/river bell spirit, the Yongxi Hongyu, if the covenant was violated, the landlord was the lord of the prefecture, the self-depravity was a disaster, the god /mastered, the internal and external survival, the Yongye Zhenji, the urgent feng/Taishang Five Emperors' law edict.

VI. Conclusion

The age of the cemetery in Xi'an Village in Jinhu spans Han, Southern Dynasty, Tang, Song, Ming, etc., and the information obtained provides a detailed and reliable material basis for the study of regional culture and funerary customs in the region, especially the excavation of a large number of Han Dynasty tombs, which provides a great supplement to the study of Han Dynasty culture in this area.

The Han Dynasty tombs in the xi'an village cemetery are divided into two kinds: vertical pit tombs and brick chamber tombs, western Han tombs are mainly earth pit vertical pits, and brick chamber tombs are commonly used in the Eastern Han Dynasty, basically rectangular and convex shapes, most of them have tomb passages, and there is no front and back chambers and ear chambers. Due to the serious theft, the tombs unearthed fewer burial items, most of which are glazed pottery, and the basic utensils are combined into pots, urns, pots and boxes. Referring to the excavation materials of Han tombs in the surrounding areas, the burial site excavations such as amphora M28:1 are similar to the characteristics of the Wangzhuang Village Cemetery in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province[1], all of which are drum shoulders, round drum abdomen, and the age should be relatively close, belonging to the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. The amphora M30:2 and M37:13, which have a morphological evolutionary relationship, are similar to the M95:5 and M50:1 of Wangzhuang Village, respectively, and belong to the artifacts of the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The glazed clay pot M13:3 is similar to the M2:12[2] tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Gaochun, Jiangsu, and the Tomb of Yunjiadun han in Changzhou, Jiangsu[3] M31:1, and the era should be from Xinmang to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. At the same time, the bronze mirrors excavated from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are basically daylight mirrors, Zhaoming mirrors, and divine beast Boju mirrors, which are all popular mirrors in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty. The characteristics of the collection of utensils are also more obvious, such as glazed pottery: 0682 and Yunjiadun M26:55 and Wangzhuang Village M36:6 are the same as the wide shoulders, the shape of the round drum belly, the era should be consistent, for the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. Glazed pottery Dingcai: 0668 Similar artifacts can also be found in the Western Han Tomb of Dayun Mountain excavated in 1992[4], belonging to the early Western Han Dynasty. Others such as glazed clay pot mining: 0680 and Wangzhuang Village M98:12, cai: 0674 and Anhui Tianchang Triangle Polder Warring States Western Han Tomb [5] M6:2, mining: 0666 and Jiangsu Xuyi Renchang Han tomb [6] M1:1, mining: 0686 and Yunjiadun M5:5, etc., all have a physical correspondence, its age spans the early Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and Ding raised the upper limit of the cemetery to the early Western Han Dynasty. In this way, the use of the cemetery in Xi'an Village should be from the early Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty.

Only one M22 was excavated in the Southern Dynasty tombs, with the front and back chambers and the rear chamber elevated as a coffin bed, which was adopted in ningbo Yinzhou Tiger Rock Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasty tombs[7], and the lotus petal bowl produced was very similar to the celadon bowl from the tomb of Liu Song Mingzu outside the Taiping Gate in Nanjing[8]. The yellow glazed zhuzi excavated from the Tang Dynasty tomb M7 is a typical artifact of the Shouzhou kiln in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the M21 excavated in this excavation is basically similar to the M53 [9] of the Huai'an Shantou site, which is basically similar in shape, and the flat bricks are capped with flat bricks after staggered bricks, forming a "boat" shape with a pointed end and a square. In addition, a land purchase voucher for the end of the Ming Dynasty was also collected within the scope of the Xi'an Village Cemetery, which indicates that the cemetery should also contain tombs from the Ming Dynasty, further enriching the connotation and duration of the cemetery.

Author: Hu Bing, Xue Lingling, Zhao Libo

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Originally published in Archaeology and Cultural Relics, No. 2, 2019