469, Zhuangzi's outer chapter "The Way of Heaven" I

This article takes the Tao of Heaven as the main line, and discusses the characteristics of the Tao in all things, the Tao and the nature of the Tao in combination with the aspects of governing the country and moral cultivation, so as to advocate the political proposition of "ruling by doing nothing". The whole article is roughly divided into eight parts. The following is a commentary, vernacular translation, and appreciation of each part according to the content of the expression.

[Original]

Heaven has nothing to accumulate, so all things come into being (1); The emperor has nothing to accumulate, so the world returns (2); The Holy Way has nothing to accumulate, so the sea is taken (3). Those who are clear in the sky, through the sacred, and who are all connected to the virtue of the emperor (4), are self-righteous (5), and there is no one who is quiet (6). The silence of the saint is also good, so it is quiet; There is no one who is enough to have a heart (7), so it is quiet. The water is quiet, the candle is bright and the eyebrows (8), the level is accurate (9), and the master craftsman takes the law. The water is still quiet, and the spirit is still in the situation! The heart of a saint is still! Heaven and earth (10); The mirror of all things also.

The husband is quiet and quiet, and the indifferent person is peaceful, and the morality is the highest (11), so the emperor and the saint are resting (12). Hugh is false, virtual is real, and reality is prepared (13). Void is quiet, static is moving, and movement is good (14). Silence leads to inaction, and inaction is the responsibility of those who do it (15). If you don't do anything, Yu Yu (16), Yu Yu can't deal with trouble, and he will live a long life. Those who are quiet and indifferent are the foundation of all things. Ming this to Nanxiang (17), Yao Zhi is also the king; Ming to the north (18), Shun Zhi is also a minister. Here, the virtue of the emperor and the son of heaven is also; Here, the way of the Xuan Shengsu King is also (19).

In this way, he retreated and wandered the rivers and seas, and the people of the mountains and forests were dressed (20); If you use this as an advance to help the world (21), you will be famous and famous and the world will be one (22). Quiet and holy (23), moving and king (24), inaction and respect (25), simple and the world can not compete with beauty. Those who understand the virtues of heaven and earth (26) are called great masters (27), and those who are in harmony with heaven are also; Therefore the world is evenly tuned (28), and the people are also. Those who are with people are said to be happy; Those who are in harmony with heaven are called heavenly happiness.

Zhuangzi said: "I am a teacher! I am a teacher! All things are not for evil (29), Ze and eternal life are not benevolent, longer than ancient times but not for longevity (30), covering heaven and earth to carve the shape of all people but not for coincidence (31), this is called heavenly happiness. Therefore, it is said: 'Those who know the heavens and are happy will also walk in heaven in life (32), and their death will also materialize (33)." Stillness is the same virtue as yin, and movement is the same wave as yang (34). Therefore, those who know the joy of heaven have no heavenly grievances, no one is wrong, no things are tired, and there is no ghost blame. Therefore, it is said: 'Its movement is also heaven, its stillness is also earth, and it is determined to rule the world (35); Its ghost is not haunting, its soul is not tired, and it is determined to obey all things. 'Words are pushed to heaven and earth with emptiness and quietness, and pass through all things, which is called heavenly happiness. The heart of the saint is the heart of the animal (36). ”

[Notes]

(1) Heavenly Dao: refers to the natural world and its operating laws. Transport: Run. Accumulation: Stagnation is not passable. Generated: generated. (2) Emperor's way: refers to the emperor's way of governing the country. Return: Return.

(3) The Way of the Saints: The Way of the Saints. Obedience: Respect.

(4) Six links and four openings: the metaphor is accessible in all directions. Liutong: refers to the upper and lower four directions. Sipi: refers to spring, summer, autumn and winter. (5) Self-doing: doing it naturally. (6) Ignorance: the appearance of ignorance.

(7) cymbals: through "scratching", scratching. (8) Candle: illuminate.

(9) Level: refers to the plane when the water is at rest as the horizontal criterion.

(10) Appreciation: mirror.

(11) Ping: Guidelines. To: Substance.

(12) Hugh: refers to leisure; Leisure.

(13) Preparation: complete. The original work of the popular version is "Lun", according to Chen Bixu's "Zhuangzi Que Error", which is changed from the ancient collection of Jiangnan.

(14) De: appropriate.

(15) Officer: The following officer. Responsibility: It means that each person shall perform his duties and fulfill his responsibilities.

(16) Yu Yu: that is, pleasure, calm and pleasant appearance.

(17) Nanxiang: that is, sitting north to south to occupy the position of the Son of Heaven. Township, leading to "direction".

(18) North: Refers to the south and north of the vassal.

(19) Xuan Shengsu Wang: refers to a person who has the way of the emperor but does not have the title of emperor, but is praised and sought after by the world. For example, Lao Tzu, Confucius, etc. People of rivers and seas, mountains and forests: refers to people who live in seclusion.

(20) Serve: Sincere and convincing. (21) Jinwei: refers to acting as an official. Fushi: Govern the world.

(22) Tianxia Yi: refers to the unification and harmony of the world.

(23) Tranquility and holiness: Meditation is the only way to establish the virtue of a saint.

(24) Movement and king: action can establish the meritorious deeds of princes. (25) Respect: Respect.

(26) The virtue of heaven and earth: refers to the meaning of heaven and earth to do nothing.

(27) Big book: The most crucial part of the metaphor of things, or the main basis of things. Majority: A metaphor for the origin of things. Big book: the inner root and theme of things.

(28) Uniformity: coordination.

(29) 齑jī: powder. This is a verb, which means to make powder. 戾lì: Violent and violent.

(30) Chang. (31) Carving the form: shaping all things.

(32) Tianxing: the operation of the laws of nature.

(33) Materialization: It originated from Laozi and matured from Zhuangzi's philosophical thoughts. It refers to "the dissolution of the boundary between the object and the self, and the melting of all things into one". (34) Tongde and Tongbo: both mean together.

(35) Single-mindedness: The whole mind is in a state of stability and single-mindedness.

(36) Livestock: nurturing.

【Translation】

The operation of the laws of nature has never been stagnant and stagnant, so that all things are generated; The operation of the emperor's way of governing the country has never stopped and stagnated, so the people of the world have been obedient; The way of the saints has never stopped or stagnated, so everyone in the four seas respects it. The emperor, who understands the laws of nature, the way of the sages, and the virtues of all directions, allows all things to do naturally, ignorant of all this, and has a calm heart. The saint's inner peace does not mean that it is good to be calm before he pursues peace; But because nothing could disturb his heart, he kept his peace. When the water is still, it can clearly illuminate the eyebrows of the person, and the plane of the water at rest is used as the standard for measuring the level. Skilled craftsmen take this approach. The level is still quiet and clear, not to mention the human spirit! The saint's state of mind is calm! It can be used as a mirror of heaven and earth, and can be used as a mirror of all things.

Quietness, tranquility, loneliness, and inaction are the norms of heaven and earth, and the essence of morality, so emperors and saints are leisurely. If you are leisurely, your mind will be empty and empty, and if you are empty, you will be full, and your state of mind will be complete. An empty state of mind is calm when it is empty, and calm is when there is movement, and movement without interference can be appropriate. If the emperor is quiet, he will do nothing, and if the emperor does nothing, the officials below will do their duty. If a saint does nothing, he will be happy calmly, and a person who is calm and happy will not have sorrow and calamity, and will live longer. Quietness, tranquility, loneliness, and inaction are the foundation of all things. understands this truth and sits in the north to the south, just like Tang Yao in the position of the king; Understand this truth and stand south to north, just like Yu Shun in the position of a subordinate. Acting according to this principle, the one who is in the position of the king is the wise king of virtue; Those who act according to this principle, although they are in the position of kings, are those who have the way of kings and are praised by the world.

Act according to this principle, retreat to the rivers and seas, and the hermits of the mountains and forests will be convinced; According to this principle, if you are an official and can govern the world, you will be able to make great achievements and fame all over the world and make the world harmonious. Only by meditating can we establish the virtue of a saint, only by taking action can we establish the merits of a prince, only by doing nothing can we be respected, and there is nothing comparable to him in the world if we maintain a pure and simple nature. A person who understands that heaven and earth regard non-action as virtue means that he has grasped the inner root and purpose of things, and has become a person who is in harmony with nature; With this, he coordinates all things and conforms to the feelings of the people, and he is a person who is in harmony with everyone. He who is in harmony with others is called human pleasure; Those who are in harmony with nature are called heavenly music.

Zhuangzi said, "O my grandmaster! O my grandmaster! Destroying all things is not considered violence, giving grace to eternity is not benevolence, growing in ancient times is not considered longevity, covering the heavens and shaping all things is not considered ingenuity, this is heavenly happiness. Therefore, it is said: 'Those who are well versed in heavenly happiness live in the world and live according to the laws of nature, and when they die, the boundary between things and self dissolves and all things melt into one.' When it is calm, it is in harmony with Yin Qi, and when it is exercised, it is in harmony with Yang Qi. Therefore, those who know the happiness of heaven will not be complained by heaven, will not be criticized by men, will not be encumbered by external objects, and will not be rebuked by spirits and gods. Therefore, it is said: 'When you are in motion, you can run according to the laws of nature, and when you are still as quiet as the earth, you can be called the king of the world, the demons will not be troubled, the spirit will not be tired, and the whole mind will be in a state of stability and single-mindedness, and all things will be respected.' That is to say, to extend the tranquility and tranquility of emptiness to heaven and earth, to all things, and this is called heavenly bliss. Heavenly happiness is the love of the saints, which is used to nurture the people of the world. ”

【Analysis】

The core content of the first part is to concentrate on and elaborate on the characteristics of "Tao" of "emptiness, tranquility, tranquility, indifference, and inaction".

The first is to say that those who are quiet and indifferent are "the foundation of all things", "the peace of heaven and earth and the supremacy of morality". This is the core topic to be addressed in this section.

The second is to say, "Quiet and holy, moving and king, inaction and respect, simple and the world can not compete with beauty." The profound meaning of this sentence lies in the fact that it dialectically illustrates the relationship between "static, moving, and inaction" or "virtue and virtue". That is, people should have the virtue of a saint, and to establish the virtue of a saint, they must have a quiet and tranquil heart, that is, "quiet and holy"; Virtue is for use, to guide their actions with the virtue of a saint, if not, no matter how good the virtue is, it is meaningless, that is, to "move and king". Actions must conform to the virtues of saints, not indiscriminately, and do something and not do something. It is the above "non-action is also respected". If this is the case, then "the world can not compete with the beauty", that is, it could not be better. The meaning of this is to explain the virtues that a person who understands the way of heaven should have.

The third is to say, "The silence of the saint is also good, so it is quiet; There is no one who is enough to make a heart, so it is quiet. The water is quiet, the candle is bright, the eyebrows are clear, the level is accurate, and the master craftsman takes the law. The water is still quiet, and the spirit is still in the situation! The heart of a saint is still! Heaven and earth; The mirror of all things". The core of it is to explain that only by forgetting things can we eliminate the interference of all things, and that all things are not enough to be clear, and that the quiet mind can truly observe all things like calm water.

Fourth, it is said to act according to the way of heaven, and to use this to coordinate all things is to be in harmony with nature; Use this to conform to the people's feelings, and you will be in harmony with the people; Extended to heaven and earth, it reaches all things.