其实自己不是很会看源码,但是学习优秀的源码是提升自己代码能力的一种方式,也可以对自己以后写代码有一个很好的影响,所以决定在之后的时间内,要有一个很好的习惯,阅读优秀的源码。刚开始自己会觉得看源码很痛苦,这个和我自己的方法有关系,刚开始自己总是想要知道源码的每一步操作,以及每个部分都是做什么,导致看着看着就看不下去了,所以也是从这次整理开始,调整自己阅读源码的方式,先去源码框架的主要流程,细枝末节后面等对整体框架有个了解,并且很清晰了,再回头来细致看,所以阅读过程中如果有不理解的地方自己先进行跳过,先对主体的框架进行一个很好的学习。
对于golang,实现一个最简单的http server 非常简单,代码如下:
package main
import (
"net/http"
"fmt"
)
func Indexhandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintln(w,"hello world")
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/",Indexhandler)
http.ListenAndServe("127.0.0.1",nil)
}
通过上面这个简单的例子,来一点一点学习go的net/http实现的http服务的原理
HTTP
理解HTTP相关的网络应用,主要关注两个地方-客户端(client)和服务端(server)
两者的交互主要是client的request以及server的response,主要就在于如何接受client的request并向client返回response
接收request的过程中,最重要的莫过于路由(router),即实现一个Multiplexer器。Go中既可以使用内置的mutilplexer --- DefautServeMux,也可以自定义。Multiplexer路由的目的就是为了找到处理器函数(handler),后者将对request进行处理,同时构建response
流程为:
Clinet -> Requests -> [Multiplexer(router) -> handler -> Response -> Clinet
理解go中的http服务,最重要就是要理解Multiplexer和handler,Golang中的Multiplexer基于ServeMux结构,同时也实现了Handler接口。下面对几个重要概念说明:
- hander函数: 具有func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requests)签名的函数
- handler处理器(函数): 经过HandlerFunc结构包装的handler函数,它实现了ServeHTTP接口方法的函数。调用handler处理器的ServeHTTP方法时,即调用handler函数本身。
- handler对象:实现了Handler接口ServeHTTP方法的结构。
Golang 的htttp处理流程,如下图
Handler
Golang没有继承,类多态的方式可以通过接口实现。所谓接口则是定义声明了函数签名,任何结构只要实现了与接口函数签名相同的方法,就等同于实现了接口。go的http服务都是基于handler进行处理。
type Handler interface {
ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}
任何结构体,只要实现了ServeHTTP方法,这个结构就可以称之为handler对象。ServeMux会使用handler并调用其ServeHTTP方法处理请求并返回响应。
ServeMux
ServeMux的源码:
type ServeMux struct {
mu sync.RWMutex
m map[string]muxEntry
hosts bool
}
type muxEntry struct {
explicit bool
h Handler
pattern string
}
ServeMux结构中最重要的字段为m,这是一个map,key是一些url模式,value是一个muxEntry结构,后者里定义存储了具体的url模式和handler。
当然,所谓的ServeMux也实现了ServeHTTP接口,也算是一个handler,不过ServeMux的ServeHTTP方法不是用来处理request和respone,而是用来找到路由注册的handler
Server
除了ServeMux和Handler,还有一个结构Server需要了解。从http.ListenAndServe的源码可以看出,它创建了一个server对象,并调用server对象的ListenAndServe方法:
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
return server.ListenAndServe()
}
查看server的结构如下:
type Server struct {
Addr string
Handler Handler
ReadTimeout time.Duration
WriteTimeout time.Duration
TLSConfig *tls.Config
MaxHeaderBytes int
TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)
ConnState func(net.Conn, ConnState)
ErrorLog *log.Logger
disableKeepAlives int32 nextProtoOnce sync.Once
nextProtoErr error
}
server结构存储了服务器处理请求常见的字段。其中Handler字段也保留Handler接口。如果Server接口没有提供Handler结构对象,那么会使用DefautServeMux做multiplexer,后面再做分析。
创建HTTP服务
创建一个http服务,大致需要经历两个过程,首先需要注册路由,即提供url模式和handler函数的映射,其次就是实例化一个server对象,并开启对客户端的监听。
再看gohttp服务的代码
http.HandleFunc("/", indexHandler)
即是注册路由。
http.ListenAndServe("127.0.0.1:8000", nil)
或者:
server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
server.ListenAndServe()
注册路由
net/http包暴露的注册路由的api很简单,http.HandleFunc选取了DefaultServeMux作为multiplexer:
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)
}
DefaultServeMux是ServeMux的一个实例。当然http包也提供了NewServeMux方法创建一个ServeMux实例,默认则创建一个DefaultServeMux:
// NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.
func NewServeMux() *ServeMux { return new(ServeMux) }
// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux
var defaultServeMux ServeMux
DefaultServeMux的HandleFunc(pattern, handler)方法实际是定义在ServeMux下的:
// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler))
}
HandlerFunc是一个函数类型。同时实现了Handler接口的ServeHTTP方法。使用HandlerFunc类型包装一下路由定义的indexHandler函数,其目的就是为了让这个函数也实现ServeHTTP方法,即转变成一个handler处理器(函数)。
type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)
// ServeHTTP calls f(w, r).
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
f(w, r)
}
我们最开始写的例子中
http.HandleFunc("/",Indexhandler)
这样 IndexHandler 函数也有了ServeHTTP方法。ServeMux的Handle方法,将会对pattern和handler函数做一个map映射:
// Handle registers the handler for the given pattern.
// If a handler already exists for pattern, Handle panics.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
mux.mu.Lock()
defer mux.mu.Unlock()
if pattern == "" {
panic("http: invalid pattern " + pattern)
}
if handler == nil {
panic("http: nil handler")
}
if mux.m[pattern].explicit {
panic("http: multiple registrations for " + pattern)
}
if mux.m == nil {
mux.m = make(map[string]muxEntry)
}
mux.m[pattern] = muxEntry{explicit: true, h: handler, pattern: pattern}
if pattern[0] != '/' {
mux.hosts = true
}
// Helpful behavior:
// If pattern is /tree/, insert an implicit permanent redirect for /tree.
// It can be overridden by an explicit registration.
n := len(pattern)
if n > 0 && pattern[n-1] == '/' && !mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]].explicit {
// If pattern contains a host name, strip it and use remaining
// path for redirect.
path := pattern
if pattern[0] != '/' {
// In pattern, at least the last character is a '/', so
// strings.Index can't be -1.
path = pattern[strings.Index(pattern, "/"):]
}
url := &url.URL{Path: path}
mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]] = muxEntry{h: RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern: pattern}
}
}
Handle函数的主要目的在于把handler和pattern模式绑定到map[string]muxEntry的map上,其中muxEntry保存了更多pattern和handler的信息,还记得前面讨论的Server结构吗?Server的m字段就是map[string]muxEntry这样一个map。
此时,pattern和handler的路由注册完成。接下来就是如何开始server的监听,以接收客户端的请求。
注册好路由之后,启动web服务还需要开启服务器监听。http的ListenAndServer方法中可以看到创建了一个Server对象,并调用了Server对象的同名方法:
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
return server.ListenAndServe()
}
// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then
// calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
// If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
addr := srv.Addr
if addr == "" {
addr = ":http"
}
ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
}
Server的ListenAndServe方法中,会初始化监听地址Addr,同时调用Listen方法设置监听。最后将监听的TCP对象传入Serve方法:
// Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a
// new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and
// then call srv.Handler to reply to them.
//
// For HTTP/2 support, srv.TLSConfig should be initialized to the
// provided listener's TLS Config before calling Serve. If
// srv.TLSConfig is non-nil and doesn't include the string "h2" in
// Config.NextProtos, HTTP/2 support is not enabled.
//
// Serve always returns a non-nil error. After Shutdown or Close, the
// returned error is ErrServerClosed.
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
defer l.Close()
if fn := testHookServerServe; fn != nil {
fn(srv, l)
}
var tempDelay time.Duration // how long to sleep on accept failure
if err := srv.setupHTTP2_Serve(); err != nil {
return err
}
srv.trackListener(l, true)
defer srv.trackListener(l, false)
baseCtx := context.Background() // base is always background, per Issue 16220
ctx := context.WithValue(baseCtx, ServerContextKey, srv)
for {
rw, e := l.Accept()
if e != nil {
select {
case <-srv.getDoneChan():
return ErrServerClosed
default:
}
if ne, ok := e.(net.Error); ok && ne.Temporary() {
if tempDelay == 0 {
tempDelay = 5 * time.Millisecond
} else {
tempDelay *= 2
}
if max := 1 * time.Second; tempDelay > max {
tempDelay = max
}
srv.logf("http: Accept error: %v; retrying in %v", e, tempDelay)
time.Sleep(tempDelay)
continue
}
return e
}
tempDelay = 0
c := srv.newConn(rw)
c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
go c.serve(ctx)
}
}
监听开启之后,一旦客户端请求到底,go就开启一个协程处理请求,主要逻辑都在serve方法之中。
serve方法比较长,其主要职能就是,创建一个上下文对象,然后调用Listener的Accept方法用来 获取连接数据并使用newConn方法创建连接对象。最后使用goroutein协程的方式处理连接请求。因为每一个连接都开起了一个协程,请求的上下文都不同,同时又保证了go的高并发。serve也是一个长长的方法:
// Serve a new connection.
func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
c.remoteAddr = c.rwc.RemoteAddr().String()
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, LocalAddrContextKey, c.rwc.LocalAddr())
defer func() {
if err := recover(); err != nil && err != ErrAbortHandler {
const size = 64 << 10
buf := make([]byte, size)
buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
c.server.logf("http: panic serving %v: %v\n%s", c.remoteAddr, err, buf)
}
if !c.hijacked() {
c.close()
c.setState(c.rwc, StateClosed)
}
}()
if tlsConn, ok := c.rwc.(*tls.Conn); ok {
if d := c.server.ReadTimeout; d != 0 {
c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
}
if d := c.server.WriteTimeout; d != 0 {
c.rwc.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
}
if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
c.server.logf("http: TLS handshake error from %s: %v", c.rwc.RemoteAddr(), err)
return
}
c.tlsState = new(tls.ConnectionState)
*c.tlsState = tlsConn.ConnectionState()
if proto := c.tlsState.NegotiatedProtocol; validNPN(proto) {
if fn := c.server.TLSNextProto[proto]; fn != nil {
h := initNPNRequest{tlsConn, serverHandler{c.server}}
fn(c.server, tlsConn, h)
}
return
}
}
// HTTP/1.x from here on.
ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
c.cancelCtx = cancelCtx
defer cancelCtx()
c.r = &connReader{conn: c}
c.bufr = newBufioReader(c.r)
c.bufw = newBufioWriterSize(checkConnErrorWriter{c}, 4<<10)
for {
w, err := c.readRequest(ctx)
if c.r.remain != c.server.initialReadLimitSize() {
// If we read any bytes off the wire, we're active.
c.setState(c.rwc, StateActive)
}
if err != nil {
const errorHeaders = "\r\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n"
if err == errTooLarge {
// Their HTTP client may or may not be
// able to read this if we're
// responding to them and hanging up
// while they're still writing their
// request. Undefined behavior.
const publicErr = "431 Request Header Fields Too Large"
fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
c.closeWriteAndWait()
return
}
if isCommonNetReadError(err) {
return // don't reply
}
publicErr := "400 Bad Request"
if v, ok := err.(badRequestError); ok {
publicErr = publicErr + ": " + string(v)
}
fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
return
}
// Expect 100 Continue support
req := w.req
if req.expectsContinue() {
if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && req.ContentLength != 0 {
// Wrap the Body reader with one that replies on the connection
req.Body = &expectContinueReader{readCloser: req.Body, resp: w}
}
} else if req.Header.get("Expect") != "" {
w.sendExpectationFailed()
return
}
c.curReq.Store(w)
if requestBodyRemains(req.Body) {
registerOnHitEOF(req.Body, w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead)
} else {
if w.conn.bufr.Buffered() > 0 {
w.conn.r.closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest()
}
w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead()
}
// HTTP cannot have multiple simultaneous active requests.[*]
// Until the server replies to this request, it can't read another,
// so we might as well run the handler in this goroutine.
// [*] Not strictly true: HTTP pipelining. We could let them all process
// in parallel even if their responses need to be serialized.
// But we're not going to implement HTTP pipelining because it
// was never deployed in the wild and the answer is HTTP/2.
serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
w.cancelCtx()
if c.hijacked() {
return
}
w.finishRequest()
if !w.shouldReuseConnection() {
if w.requestBodyLimitHit || w.closedRequestBodyEarly() {
c.closeWriteAndWait()
}
return
}
c.setState(c.rwc, StateIdle)
c.curReq.Store((*response)(nil))
if !w.conn.server.doKeepAlives() {
// We're in shutdown mode. We might've replied
// to the user without "Connection: close" and
// they might think they can send another
// request, but such is life with HTTP/1.1.
return
}
if d := c.server.idleTimeout(); d != 0 {
c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
if _, err := c.bufr.Peek(4); err != nil {
return
}
}
c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
}
}
使用defer定义了函数退出时,连接关闭相关的处理。然后就是读取连接的网络数据,并处理读取完毕时候的状态。接下来就是调用
serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
方法处理请求了。最后就是请求处理完毕的逻辑。serverHandler是一个重要的结构,它近有一个字段,即Server结构,同时它也实现了Handler接口方法ServeHTTP,并在该接口方法中做了一个重要的事情,初始化multiplexer路由多路复用器。如果server对象没有指定Handler,则使用默认的DefaultServeMux作为路由Multiplexer。并调用初始化Handler的ServeHTTP方法。
// serverHandler delegates to either the server's Handler or
// DefaultServeMux and also handles "OPTIONS *" requests.
type serverHandler struct {
srv *Server
}
func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
handler := sh.srv.Handler
if handler == nil {
handler = DefaultServeMux
}
if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
}
handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}
这里DefaultServeMux的ServeHTTP方法其实也是定义在ServeMux结构中的,相关代码如下:
// Find a handler on a handler map given a path string.
// Most-specific (longest) pattern wins.
func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
// Check for exact match first.
v, ok := mux.m[path]
if ok {
return v.h, v.pattern
}
// Check for longest valid match.
var n = 0
for k, v := range mux.m {
if !pathMatch(k, path) {
continue
}
if h == nil || len(k) > n {
n = len(k)
h = v.h
pattern = v.pattern
}
}
return
}
func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {
// CONNECT requests are not canonicalized.
if r.Method == "CONNECT" {
return mux.handler(r.Host, r.URL.Path)
}
// All other requests have any port stripped and path cleaned
// before passing to mux.handler.
host := stripHostPort(r.Host)
path := cleanPath(r.URL.Path)
if path != r.URL.Path {
_, pattern = mux.handler(host, path)
url := *r.URL
url.Path = path
return RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern
}
return mux.handler(host, r.URL.Path)
}
// handler is the main implementation of Handler.
// The path is known to be in canonical form, except for CONNECT methods.
func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
mux.mu.RLock()
defer mux.mu.RUnlock()
// Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
if mux.hosts {
h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
}
if h == nil {
h, pattern = mux.match(path)
}
if h == nil {
h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), ""
}
return
}
// ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose
// pattern most closely matches the request URL.
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
if r.RequestURI == "*" {
if r.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
}
w.WriteHeader(StatusBadRequest)
return
}
h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}
mux的ServeHTTP方法通过调用其Handler方法寻找注册到路由上的handler函数,并调用该函数的ServeHTTP方法,本例则是IndexHandler函数。
mux的Handler方法对URL简单的处理,然后调用handler方法,后者会创建一个锁,同时调用match方法返回一个handler和pattern。
在match方法中,mux的m字段是map[string]muxEntry图,后者存储了pattern和handler处理器函数,因此通过迭代m寻找出注册路由的patten模式与实际url匹配的handler函数并返回。
返回的结构一直传递到mux的ServeHTTP方法,接下来调用handler函数的ServeHTTP方法,即IndexHandler函数,然后把response写到http.RequestWirter对象返回给客户端。
上述函数运行结束即
serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
运行结束。接下来就是对请求处理完毕之后上希望和连接断开的相关逻辑。
至此,Golang中一个完整的http服务介绍完毕,包括注册路由,开启监听,处理连接,路由处理函数。
多数的web应用基于HTTP协议,客户端和服务器通过request-response的方式交互。一个server并不可少的两部分莫过于路由注册和连接处理。Golang通过一个ServeMux实现了的multiplexer路由多路复用器来管理路由。同时提供一个Handler接口提供ServeHTTP用来实现handler处理其函数,后者可以处理实际request并构造response。
ServeMux和handler处理器函数的连接桥梁就是Handler接口。ServeMux的ServeHTTP方法实现了寻找注册路由的handler的函数,并调用该handler的ServeHTTP方法。ServeHTTP方法就是真正处理请求和构造响应的地方。
所有的努力都值得期许,每一份梦想都应该灌溉!