Activity 1: Knowledge Building
1. The categories and functions of literary fiction words
The so-called literal fiction refers to words that are generally not used as sentence components and do not express real meaning, and their main role is to connect linguistic units. It includes pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, etc.
Table 1 Categories and functions of literary fiction words
| category | function | example |
| pronoun | personal pronoun | I, Yu, Yu, I; Female, thou, if, er, and, nai, son; the, the, the, the, their, their, |
| demonstrative pronoun | Yes, this, this, this, this, this | |
| Interrogative pronouns | Who, who, he, hu, xi, hu, an, wu, evil, yan | |
| indefinite pronoun | Or, Mo | |
| Specifically referring to pronouns | Person, place | |
| adverb | Adverb of time | Both, karma, has, was, tasted, suitable, beginning, told, past, toward, square, positive, will, stand, and, will, desire, often, plain, elegant, Russian, swirling, first, temporary, sudden, sudden, sudden, soon, little, nothing |
| Adverb of range | Both, lift, end, salt, know, all, finish, rate, fan, together, altogether, and, but, only, stop, alone, disciple, only | |
| Adverb of degree | slightly, slightly, less, beneficial, Mi, heal, especially, plus, nourish, special, quite exceedingly, extremely, to, even more, absolutely, good, cool | |
| Adverb of frequency | 再、又、复、迭、频、数(shuò) | |
| Adverb of mood | Shu, only, fortunately, its, its, its, its, it's, it's, it's it, it's good, it's it's it, it's it's it, it's it, it's good, | |
| preposition | Preposition | In, to, from, from, to, when, by, by, by, with, for, cause, see, be, compare |
| conjunction | Table juxtaposition | and, and, and, and, and, to, also, contain...... Carry...... |
| Table undertaking | And, then, then, then, then, then, then, then, | |
| Table progression | And, and, and the situation, the situation, not the only one...... ......, not only...... And ......, not only...... Or is it ...... | |
| Table selection | or, if, if, their, and, will, their...... ......, Ning...... ......, non-...... then ......, no...... then ......, if, and ...... Rather ...... than ...... ...... and ...... It's better to ...... and ...... Ning ......, Ning ...... No ......, Ning ...... No...... | |
| Table cause and effect | to, for, because, by, by, by, by, by, is, by, so | |
| Table assumptions | Such as, if, go, and, i.e., to, make, make, make, make, false | |
| Table conditions | Yes, vertically, none, i.e., then, then, then, vertically...... Shang ......, even the ...... Also...... | |
| Table turns | But, yet, while, then, Gu | |
| particle | Structural particles | Yes, yes |
| Add particles | Yes, it's (prefix), then, Yan, such as (ending) | |
| Mood particles | Fu, only, cover, 岂, 其 (sentence beginning), also, 者, 矣, 焉, hu, ear, 欤, and, evil, yes, yay, cloud (sentence end) | |
| interjection | Table sighs | 吁、嗟乎、嘻、呜呼 |
Knowledge map to
2. The usage of the 18 virtual words in the college entrance examination language and their examples
In high school, students are required to be proficient in the common use of about 18 key virtual words (and, what, hu, nai, it, and, if, so, for, yan, also, to, cause, in, and, then, who, zhi). What the college entrance examination requires is not to list the knowledge of virtual words, but to understand the relevant meanings by understanding virtual words. Although in recent years, there has been no direct proposition to examine imaginary words separately, but in sentence breaking, sentence translation and text content analysis and generalization questions, imaginary words are an indispensable examination point.
Table 2 Examples of types and usage of fictional words in classical Chinese
| category | explain | Typical question examples |
| pronoun | It refers to words that substitute for other words, phrases, sentences, and words that express the meaning of people or things, actions, states, quantities, etc. Commonly used pronouns include "and", "what", "if", "yan", "the", "is", etc., and "so, who" are also called special pronouns. | (1) The family sacrifice is not forgotten. ("Nai", pronoun, your) ②秦王恐其破璧。 (“其”,代词,他) |
| preposition | It refers to words used to introduce nouns and pronouns, combined with verbs and adjectives, to express the meaning of time, place, reason, way, object, etc. Commonly used prepositions are "to", "for", "cause", "in", "and", etc. | (1) Because the guest is like Lin Xiangru, he apologizes. ("cause", preposition, pass) (2) Now is the king's plan, and it is better to send his heart to the east. ("for", preposition, substitute) |
| adverb | Refers to words used to modify or limit verbs and adjectives, to indicate degree, scope, time, modality, negation, etc. Commonly used adverbs are "is, its, and", then, although", etc. | (1) Now its wisdom is beyond its reach. ("Nai", adverb, unexpectedly) (2) The minister dares to go up. ("Nai", adverb, cai) |
| conjunction | Connecting words and words, phrases and phrases, or sentences and sentences, commonly used conjunctions are "and", "and", "to", "then", "and", "and", "and The examination of conjunctions is generally to distinguish between the different meanings of conjunctions. | (1) The sun is cut and the moon is cut to tend to die. ("to", conjunction, table result, to) (2) If there will be a work, then thinking will stop at reassuring people. ("to", conjunction, formal) |
| particle | Hypothetical words that are attached to other words, phrases, or sentences, and that indicate a certain grammatical meaning and a certain tone or syllable. Common particles are "to, so, of, for, who" and so on. | (1) Now people are swordsmen, and I am fish and meat, what can I say? ("for", mood particle, table pause) (2) Today's Xiang Zhuang draws his sword and dances, and its meaning is often in Pei Gong. ("者", particle, table pause) |
| Compounds | Also known as "fixed format", it is condensed by some words with different parts of speech and fixed into a syntactic format, expressing a new grammatical meaning, which is conventional and unchanged. There are generally these fixed forms: the mood of the table statement, such as "there is", "there is no to", "there is", "there is nothing", "there is nothing", "compare", "and", "...... So", "so", "then", "...... The meaning is also", etc.; Expression of questioning tone, such as "Na He", "He", "and...... Who's "Nothing...... Yay" and so on; Rhetorical questioning, such as "Nothing...... "No...... Huh"""What...... for ", etc.; The tone of exclamation is such as "what it is", "what it is", "what it is", "what ...... and so on. | (2014 Jiangsu Volume) If it is a name, it is a scolding for Bo Shi, and the servant is brittle and timid, especially not enough. ("Answering Yan Hou Yu Xiucai on the Book of Teachers") The key word "for" in the sentence is the fixed sentence "is...... So", which denotes a passive state tone, translates to "be". |
Activity 2: Sort out and summarize five types of virtual words
1. Pronouns
There are three categories of pronouns: (1) Personal pronouns. The first-person pronouns are: I, Yu, Yu. The second-person pronouns are: female, you, er, and, nai, if. Third-person pronouns are: the, the, the, and other. (2) Demonstrative pronouns. The nearest ones are: this, this, this, this, this, this, this. Those who refer to it in the distance are: the other, the husband, and the other. The imaginary ones are: so-and-so, or, mo. (3) Interrogative pronouns. There are: He, He, Xi, Hu, Evil, An, Yan.
In the following groups of sentences, the group of punctuated words with the same meaning is ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer D
Analysis: Item D is "Yes, there are people". A item it/to, go. B item it/those. C Where, how/he, them.
2. Adverbs
1. Adverbs are words used to modify or limit verbs, adjectives, and indicate degree, scope, time, tone, etc. The main types are:
(1) Table degree. Adverbs that mean "slightly" are: little, slightly, slightly, etc. Adverbs that mean "more" are: benefit, mi, heal, more, nourish, etc. Adverbs that mean "very, especially" are: most, extreme, even, to, especially, good, absolute, special, quite and so on.
(2) Table range. The adverbs that mean "all, all" are: all, all, salty, ju, lift, fan, etc. Adverbs that express "only, but" are: only, special, disciple, alone, straight, first, but, stop, then, only, Gu, etc.
(3) Table time. Adverbs that mean "was, has" are: both, has, was, taste, toward, beginning, 曩, beginning, past, etc. Adverbs that mean "often, always" are: often, plain, elegant, constant, directional, etc. Adverbs that mean "soon" are: seeking, spinning, both, not few, nothing. Adverbs that mean "positive, just right" are: will, positive, appropriate, square, genus, etc.
(4) Table tone. Adverbs that mean "indeed, real" are: must, sincerity, faith, goodness, solidity, fruit, etc. The adverbs that express "probably, fearfully" are: its, cover, 殆, 庶, de, wunai, shu and so on.
In the following groups of sentences, the group of punctuated words with the same meaning is ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer D
Resolution: Item D is "will". Item A turned out to be / talented. Item B is not/definitely. Item C is used to strengthen judgment, that is.
2. The special usage understanding of the word "phase".
"Phase" mostly refers to two parties, mutual, but sometimes refers to one side of the verb, which has a pronouncing effect, and can be translated as "you", "me", "he", "it" and so on according to the context.
Please indicate the use of "phase" in the following sentences, and if it refers to one side, the specific pronoun.
(1) Mother and grandson, more than each other: mutual
(2) See each other under the Yellow Spring, don't violate today's words: mutual
(3) The seventh and ninth days of the first month, frolicking and forgetting: referring to "me"
(4) Soon when it is returned, it will also be welcomed: it refers to "you"
(5) Looking at each other abruptly, knowing that it is an old man: referring to "him"
(6)执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎：相互
3. Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or sentences and indicates some kind of relationship between them. The main table is juxtaposition, progression, continuation, choice, hypothesis, transition, cause and effect, purpose and other relationships. Among them, the conjunctions that indicate the choice relationship are: such as, or, or, and thereof...... That...... Wait. The conjunctions that express the hypothetical relationship are: if, such as, i.e., make, gou, now, and, longitudinal, order, sincerity, false order, etc.
In the following groups of sentences, the group of punctuated words with the same meaning is ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer A
Resolution: Item A is "because". Item B is the same as "er", your/however. Item C is and/yet. Item D is just/however.
Fourth, prepositions
A preposition is a word that is used in front of a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to indicate time, place, cause, manner, and object together. The main ones are: in, to, for, and, hu, cause, etc.
In the following groups of sentences, the group of punctuated words with the same meaning is ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer B
Resolution: Item B is "in". Item A passed/thus. C item ratio/direction. D term substitute/be.
5. Particles
Particles are words that cannot be used alone in ancient Chinese, nor can they be used as sentence components, but can only play some auxiliary role in sentences. Mainly: (1) Structural particles: 之, 者, 所, etc. (2) Mood particles. The tone of the statement is expressed as follows: also, on, yan, ear, etc. The tone of questioning is expressed in: yay, hu, evil, for, etc. Sentence opening modal words: husband, only, cover, etc. (3) Syllabic particles: zhi, its, have, speech, etc.
In the following groups of sentences, the group of punctuated words with the same meaning is ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer D
Resolution: Item D is "up". Item A...... Appearance/ratio. Item B...... The appearance of the / of. Item C is not translated / that.
Expansion and accumulation: polyphonic virtual words and literary words
1. Polyphonic hypothetical words
In classical Chinese, there are some imaginary words that are often used in pairs, and some of them are quite firmly combined, so people call the two imaginary words that are firmly combined as "fixed structure". This kind of virtual words that combine solid and unstable are collectively called "polyphonic virtual words". The meaning of polyphonic imaginary words is generally fixed and must be firmly grasped.
Such words are: nai, no, no, so, is, is, and, and so, no, and, and, as for, then, who, and so on.
2. Literary and Chinese words
The so-called literary words refer to the meaning and usage of a certain type of word in ancient Chinese that combines two words with each other, and the pronunciation of this kind of word is a combination of the sounds of the two characters it represents, for example, "zhu" is a combination of "zhi" and "yu" ("yu" ancient sound wū). But not all conjuncts are conjunctions. Although the number of concurrent words is small, it runs through ancient books and has been prosperous for a long time. The common ones are: 焉 (the consonant of "於之" or "then"), zhu (the consonance of "之於" or "之hu"), 盍 (the consonance of "何不"), 曷 (the consonance of "盍", "何不"), 叵 (the consonance of "unable"), 旃 (the pronunciation zhān, the consonance of "之焉").
Activity 3: Focus on mastering high-frequency virtual words
First, to
"Yi" is the most examined imaginary word in translation, and it often has to be translated into meaning. The word "Yi" below is from the "Treatise on the Six Kingdoms", please explain its meaning.
| Example phrase | Interpretation (translatable meaning) |
| Those who do not bribe will be mourned by those who bribe | |
| The world is big | |
| To the land of Qin | |
| to have a place of size | |
| Honor the geniuses of the world with the heart of Qin | |
| Give to others | |
| to tend to die |
The answer is because by virtue of use, only by taking is used
2. Causes
"Cause" has both a virtual part of speech, and it also has a real part of speech like "to", and it is also a high-frequency virtual word set in translation. Please fill out the following table in conjunction with the text.
| Example phrase | Interpretation (translatable meaning) |
| Because of the power of man | |
| Because of the blow Pei Gong sitting | |
| Lost the old karma, because of the legacy | |
| There is no cause for this | |
| Then there is no reason to think and rejoice in the fallacy | |
| You descended because of me, and you are brothers | |
| King Xiang stayed with Pei Gong and drank on the same day |
Answer By virtue of, rely on the opportunity, take advantage of the follow, follow the cause, the cause, the chance, the cause by, through the so, on
