Text: Cute eyes explore the world
Editor|Cute eyes explore the world
Preface
As a man of great talent and ambition, Emperor Qianlong undoubtedly focused his main efforts on his work and handling the affairs of the court. However, Emperor Qianlong was also a king with a wide range of hobbies, who knew how to combine work and rest, and played an adapting role in leisure life through various preferences.
It is precisely because of the complementarity of work and life that Emperor Qianlong's political glory and longevity in age have been created. The space and scope of Emperor Qianlong's life in his later years were first concentrated in the Forbidden City and the capital, so how did he spend his leisure life in the palace and the capital?
He likes to sing poetry
Emperor Qianlong received Han Confucian cultural education from a young age, was deeply influenced, and after coming to power, he was more diligent in his studies and was a versatile monarch. He was particularly fond of composing poems, and during his reign of 60 years, Emperor Qianlong wrote more than 42,600 poems in his lifetime, excluding dedication poems and banquet poems.
Although the total number of poems of Emperor Qianlong is large, but there are not many excellent works, most of them lack charm, and they are obscure and incomprehensible to read, but the historical value of his poetry collection is far greater than the artistic value. His poems cover a wide range of contents, and have the characteristics of summary records, which can even make up for the lack of records in official history.
Qianlong's poems and essays deal with a large number of harem life, such as ice frolic sports, opera activities, festival activities, etc., and at the same time record the beautiful scenery of the tour, from the deep palace to the imperial garden, from the vast grassland in the north to the pleasant scenery of the south of the Yangtze River.
The Qianlong Emperor loved to write poetry and maintained the Xi of writing all the time, and the poetry of the Qianlong Emperor mirrored the achievements of his life, and the major events during his reign were almost recorded in the imperial poetry collection. Emperor Qianlong boasted of being a "perfect old man", and in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong, at the age of 82, he personally wrote the "Ten Complete Records" to record the achievements of his life, known as the "Ten Complete Records of the Imperial System" in history.
Qianlong wrote: "Ten meritorious people, Pingzungar two, Dinghui one, sweeping Jinchuan two, Jingtai one, Burma and Annam each one, that is, the second time to surrender to the Koukou, the total is ten." "Emperor Qianlong loved to travel all his life, and poetry was indispensable everywhere he went.
Emperor Qianlong wrote a lot of poems in the course of the six tours of the south of the Yangtze River. Hangzhou West Lake is famous, since ancient times is the place of yearning of every tourist, Emperor Qianlong is no exception, he described the beautiful scenery of the West Lake poems a total of more than 50 poems, the most famous of which is the "Ten Views of the West Lake" poem.
The poem describes the ten scenes of West Lake as spring dawn at Su Causeway, orioles in willow waves, fish watching in the flower port, wind and lotus in the Quyuan, twin peaks inserting clouds, Lei Feng shining in the west, the moon in the three pools, the autumn moon in Pinghu, the evening bell in Nanping, and the remnant snow on the broken bridge. To this day, the Ten Scenic Spots of West Lake are still popular places for tourism. From the imperial poems of Emperor Qianlong, it can also be seen that in addition to government affairs, he has a love and love for landscapes.
As a tourist, Qianlong's delicate thoughts and descriptions make us feel like we are in the midst of beautiful scenery. The palace is an important resting place during the procession, so Emperor Qianlong wrote more poems about the palace, such as "Ten Songs of the Purple Spring Palace" describes the pavilions, mirror lakes, boats, rainbow bridges, arrow halls, and stone paths in the Purple Spring Palace, which fully shows Qianlong's unique aesthetic vision.
Quanlin Palace is also one of the palaces where Qianlong often stays, and once wrote the poem "Eight Views of Quanlin Palace" described the most famous eight views of Quanlin Palace, namely near the Holy Residence, Sichuan, Jinglan Pavilion, Hengyun Pavilion, Jiuqu Yi, Liuyan Slope, Guyin Hall, Hongyu Pavilion, he used delicate expression techniques to fully show the architectural beauty of the palace in the poem.
Emperor Qianlong's love of poetry is not only a manifestation of vassal elegance, but also a way of leisure adjustment. Through the chanting of poetry, you can relax your mind and keep your body and mind happy. A large number of poems and lyrics every day can also fully mobilize the functions of the body and mind. Qianlong's ability to maintain a sober mind and quick thinking in his later years has no denying that it has a great relationship with his love of poetry.
Good at calligraphy
Emperor Qianlong had a keen interest in calligraphy, and like his poetry, he left behind calligraphy works that are unmatched by successive emperors in terms of quantity. During his reign of 60 years, Emperor Qianlong's calligraphy treasures spread all over the country, leaving us with many precious calligraphy legacies. Calligraphy was one of the most important leisure ways for Qianlong in his later years.
"Yan'an in the world" enables Qianlong to "indulge in touring" the great rivers and mountains, and "everywhere he goes, he must make poems to remember the victory, and the imperial book is carved into stones," which can be called a book all the time. Qianlong was deeply influenced by Confucianism, liked to study Xi copy the works of calligraphy masters of the past dynasties, and was very fond of the famous calligrapher Zhao Mengfu, so as to form a unique calligraphy style, which was called "imitation pine snow" in the Qing Dynasty.
Zhao Mengfu
Emperor Qianlong, out of his love for calligraphy, attached great importance to the collection and compilation of calligraphy in the past dynasties, and the most important thing was to compile and engrave the "Sanxitang Fati". Sanxi Hall, in the Xinuan Pavilion of the Palace Museum, Emperor Qianlong ordered Liang Shizheng, the secretary of the Ministry of Household Affairs Jiang Bo, and the right attendant of the Ministry of War, Wang Youdun, etc., to select the calligraphy works of the famous masters of the past dynasties in the collection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, gather the workers, and engrave them into pastes.
Because there are three kings' works in the sticker, it is called "Sanxitang Fati". During the Qianlong period, after the development of the Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, the political situation was harmonious and the economy was prosperous, which created conditions for compiling and posting. For Emperor Qianlong in his later years, insisting on writing did play a role in cultivating sentiment, strengthening the body, and balancing the mind.
Passionate about collecting
During the Qianlong period, the collection of paintings and calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty reached the heyday of feudal society. During his reign, he collected an astonishing number of paintings and calligraphy, mainly from the collection of the former Imperial Cabinet of Internal Affairs, as well as purchases from the Interior Ministry, contributions from ministers, and works from various academies.
Emperor Qianlong also paid attention to the sorting out of the collections, and in the early years, the Qianlong Emperor sorted out the collection of calligraphy and painting by compiling and revising the bibliographic documents such as "The Secret Palace Pearl Forest" and "The Treasure of the Stone Canal". Emperor Qianlong's hobby of collecting is also reflected in the collection and sorting of ancient books of the past dynasties, the greatest achievement of which is the compilation of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book".
In the 37th year of Qianlong, Zhu Yun, a scholar in Anhui, found that there were many lost precious classics in the "Yongle Canon" to Qianlong, and asked the emperor to send a special person to compile it. In the 38th year of Qianlong, he issued an edict ordering the cabinet to pass on all governors and limit the time limit to half a year.
The purchase of circulating books from the people, and the collection of books in the inner court and the collection of rare books in the "Yongle Canon" for arrangement, marked the official beginning of the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu", which took seven years to complete. Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty collected books nationwide and sorted them out, and ordered people to copy and print seven copies of the completed "Siku Quanshu", which were hidden in seven different places across the country, among which the three pavilions in the south of the Yangtze River allowed local scholars to read, which was conducive to the spread of culture.
In addition, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he was very keen on collecting antiques, mainly due to the tribute paid by local officials and diplomats. Emperor Qianlong's collection of antiques includes jade, pottery, ruyi, clocks, Western antiques, lacquerware, etc., these works of art are exquisitely made and can be called the best in the world. Emperor Qianlong was particularly fond of jade, and ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs to make jade every year, and there are many poems about jade in the "Imperial Poetry Collection".
Emperor Qianlong's hobby of collecting not only needs to cultivate connoisseurship, but also needs a lot of knowledge as support. In the process of collecting and appreciating, Emperor Qianlong's vision was broadened and his body and mind relaxed.
Watch the music and dance of the court
Court music and dance was one of the most common leisure and entertainment activities in the Qing court. In his later years, Emperor Qianlong especially liked to enjoy the Qinglong dance. The Qinglong Dance is a popular dance in the palace, and is performed on occasions such as New Year's Day, Winter Solstice, and Wanshou, as well as royal weddings and harvest celebrations.
In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong, Gaozong lived seventy years, and the "Nine Chapters of Qinglong Dance and Music" congratulated the emperor on his blessings such as the East China Sea and the extension of blessings, hoping that the world would be peaceful and all ethnic groups could unite with each other. "Gaozong has a seventy-year longevity, and he is happy to dance and play nine chapters. Since there is a big celebration, it is normal to add music. ”
That is, from the seventies of Qianlong, all the large-scale celebrations of the country must play the Xiqi dance, which is the opening music of the martial arts dance in the Qinglong dance. The Qinglong Dance is a large-scale team dance in the Qing Dynasty, with a large number of participants, not only musical instrument players, but also a large number of dance performers, and also a team dance minister. Originated from the Kangxi period, it was originally called "Marke-style dance", which was generally used for banquet occasions, and was renamed "Qinglong dance" in the eighth year of Qianlong.
In his later years, Emperor Qianlong innovated and created court music and dance, which promoted its development. On the one hand, it is reflected in the arrangement of music scores, in the 52nd year of Qianlong, "ordered the prince Yongying and Zou Yixiao, Zhuang Cun and re-establish the score of the Book of Poetry, and correct the fallacy of Zheng Shizi." ”
On the other hand, it pays attention to absorbing the music and dance of different ethnic groups and neighboring countries, so as to inject vitality into the development of court music and dance. In the fifty-third year of Qianlong, "Myanmar is attached to the country, offering its music, which is listed at the end of the feast, which is the national music of Myanmar." ”
In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong, "he also ordered the music club to perform the music of Annam, Gurkha, Coarse Burma, and Fine Burma. At the same time, with the increase of exchanges with Europe, Western music was gradually integrated into the imperial palace, and at this time there were not only Western musical instruments but also orchestras in the palace.
Emperor Qianlong's love for music and dance made his reign, the court banquet and ritual system reached the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. "Qing Historical Manuscript Le Zhi" contains "Governing the people in peace, not good at courtesy, changing customs, and not good at music. This remark underscores the role of ritual music in political domination.
By enjoying the music and dance of the court with the ministers, they could bond with each other, so it was also an important bond to maintain the relationship between the monarch and the minister. Emperor Qianlong paid attention to the integration and development of music and dance of different ethnic groups and countries, and played a role in pacifying ethnic minorities and vassal states politically, which was conducive to ethnic unity and foreign exchanges.
In addition to the political role, the court banquet was an important part of Emperor Qianlong's leisure life in his later years, and in the process of listening to the banquet, Emperor Qianlong could relax his mood, carry out appropriate emotional catharsis, and cultivate sentiments.
Participate in opera activities
During the Qianlong period, court opera reached its heyday, and opera performances at this time were not only limited to official occasions, but also popular for various leisure banquets. Opera played an extremely important role in Emperor Qianlong's leisure activities in his later years, whether it was a festival in the palace or a reception of foreign guests.
Opera also played an important role in Qianlong's political activities, and watching dramas with the ministers was conducive to bringing the relationship between the monarch and the ministers closer, so that they could enjoy themselves with the ministers. At the same time, it also fully reflects Qianlong's own love for opera in his later years.
In addition, Emperor Qianlong also liked to watch puppet shows. Puppet theatre was the earliest drama with performance function in Chinese history, and the puppet theatre in the Qianlong period absorbed elements of Western comedy and injected fresh blood.
In the later years of Emperor Qianlong, this kind of puppet show was often held in the court, which was generally only performed in the inner court, and was rarely seen by the people. Qianlong and the family members of the harem liked it very much, and the officials who were lucky enough to watch it were amazed. In order to meet his own needs for appreciating opera, Emperor Qianlong also actively advocated and promoted the development of court opera, which was mainly reflected in the following two aspects.
Through the official name, all kinds of festival dramas become customized. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, in addition to inheriting the practice of the previous emperors to worship the gods during the festival time, he also added corresponding opera performances, which was a major innovation in court opera in the Qing Dynasty.
A large number of stages were built to meet the needs of the increase in opera performances. During the reign of Qianlong, a large number of stages were built, and the stages built were of different sizes, all over the imperial palace, the palace and the royal garden. Opera performances added entertainment to Emperor Qianlong's later life, and became an important form of entertainment and relaxation in Emperor Qianlong's leisure life.
From his initial appreciation to his gradual participation, Emperor Qianlong's love for opera continued throughout his life. It has also played an important role in promoting the development of the national opera industry, leading the popularity and popularity of opera activities in Beijing and even the whole country.
Watch a fire show show
During the Qianlong period, the country was peaceful for a long time, creating extremely favorable conditions for the development of various entertainment industries, and the fireworks manufacturing industry in the capital was also very prosperous. Fireworks and lantern shows are also important forms of entertainment in the palace, often on some seasonal festivals or the emperor's birthday. In his later years, Emperor Qianlong liked to be lively, and often watched fireworks with his family or ministers.
During the Qianlong period, every year from the thirteenth day of the first month, he would accompany the Empress Dowager to watch the fireworks display in the Yuanmingyuan Mountain High Water Long Tower. Qing Wu Shijian "lonely mountains are high and water is long, and silver flowers and fire trees are not in line." Welcome the spring and say goodbye to the new hall, and Yan is happy for nine years. This poem describes Qianlong watching the fireworks display in the Old Summer Palace.
By watching this grand entertainment, Emperor Qianlong was not only able to obtain visual enjoyment, but also to obtain a strong sense of spiritual and psychological pleasure, narrowing the distance between him and the ministers and the people, and at the same time achieving political goals.
Ice frolic
Ice play is a very popular traditional outdoor sport of the Manchu people from winter to spring every year, and it is a general term for ice sports in the Qing Dynasty, with the main content of ice performances, ice competitions, and ice entertainment. Emperor Qianlong was very fond of the ice frolic sport, and enshrined it as a "national custom", stipulating that every year in December, the ice frolic banquet was held on a selected day, and it never stopped.
In his later years, Emperor Qianlong often sat on a special ice bed and watched the sport. He also ordered the court painters Zhang Weibang and Yao Wenhan to paint the pomp and circumstance of the court ice performance at that time into a painting, which is known as "Ice Splash". From the "Ice Splash", we can see the various tricks and movements made by the performers, such as the independence of the golden rooster, the noisy sea, the double flying swallow, etc., as well as the juggling skating and climbing poles, playing with big knives, playing flags and archery.
In addition, Qianlong also made the twelve rhymes of the Taiye "Ice Hip Fu" for this sport, which described the ice hip as follows: "The disease of land travel, I know that it is a horse." Those who are sick in the water, I know that they are boats and fishes.
The disease of the clouds, I know that it is the Kunpeng eagle. As for the ice, it is the clan of Xiang, who is hesitant, sluggish, slippery, and unable to use its skills. ”
Such a subtle observation shows that Emperor Qianlong advocated and loved the ice play. During the Qianlong period, the palace and the internal affairs office began to organize sports events in October every year, among which ice sports were the mainstay.
Look-at-home
The Qing Dynasty set the world with cavalry and archery, and set "cavalry and archery" as the ancestral training. The Qing emperors attached great importance to mounted archery and strengthened the combat capability of the army. Qianlong is no exception, Qianlong loved archery in his early years. Emperor Qianlong learned Xi riding and archery from his grandfather Kangxi since he was a child, so he had superb riding and archery skills. In his later years, Emperor Qianlong participated in less riding and archery activities due to physical reasons, and more watched archery activities.
and urged the courtiers to strengthen the Xi of riding and archery, and never forget the ancestral teachings. Emperor Qianlong regarded the riding and archery activities as customized, and generally carried out before the autumn festival every year. In his later years, it was carried out as usual. In his later years, Emperor Qianlong liked to watch and guide his children and grandchildren to practice Xi archery.
Although Emperor Qianlong was over 80 years old, he still came to the scene to supervise his children and grandchildren to practice Xi archery, and was deeply gratified to see that the eight-year-old grandson Zaixi's archery skills were extraordinary. In his later years, Emperor Qianlong, as he grew older, his opportunities to participate in riding and archery activities continued to decrease, and he could only use watching and shooting to continue this hobby, but this activity was undoubtedly one of the most important spiritual sustenance of Emperor Qianlong in his later years, and it was also an important way for him to strengthen his body in his spare time.
Author's point of view
In addition to being stylized, the leisure life of Emperor Qianlong's court in his later years was also colorful. In terms of literature and art, Emperor Qianlong, as an emperor with a strong bookish atmosphere, was obsessed with writing poetry, hobby collecting, and insisting on calligraphy creation, which not only improved his level of knowledge and aesthetic quality, but also reflected his elegant taste.
In terms of entertainment activities, through listening to operas, watching fireworks, participating in ice frolic activities, watching shooting and other activities, on the one hand, the distance between Emperor Qianlong and his courtiers was shortened, and on the other hand, he could temporarily get rid of the busy government affairs, fully enjoy the fun of entertainment and sports, relax the long-term tense nerves, and release the long-accumulated pressure.
Emperor Qianlong's colorful leisure life in the court in his later years not only shaped his healthy physique, enabling him to deal with various affairs with abundant energy, but also met his needs in spiritual life, making his leisure life full of interest.
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