preface
She was once the largest city in the world, and she had a unique style, four thousand years of vicissitudes and eight dynasties. This is an ancient city with a long history and profound cultural heritage. The scenery here is permeated with a heavy historical charm, and the air here precipitates the fireworks of the thousand-year-old city.
"Xi Yu traveled to the girder and climbed on Huang Huaqian." Co-working in the house of Xuan Meditation, high platform to create blue sky"
1. Decline in the past and in the present
Present-day Henan Kaifeng ancient also known as Laoqiu, Daliang, Kaifeng, etc., so far there have been more than 4100 years of history of city building and capital history, successively the Xia Dynasty, Wei State (Warring States Period), the Five Dynasties period of later Liang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, and the Northern Song Dynasty have been set up here, the Northern Song Dynasty called this Tokyo Kaifeng Province.
In the pre-Qin period, there were "Huanshui" in Kaifeng, and the "Book of Poetry" published in the Spring and Autumn Period contained a total of 305 poems, of which 21 poems were written only about the local area of Kaifeng, such as "Qin huan", "Zi Zhen", "Zheng Feng", and so on. This is inseparable from the beautiful scenery of Kaifeng and the generation of talents.
To the two Song Dynasties, Kaifeng has become a world-renowned metropolis, the famous "Qingming river map" depicts the prosperous scene of Kaifeng City at that time, in 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chen Qiao Mutiny to establish the Northern Song Dynasty, and set the capital kaifeng, the Song Dynasty kaifeng reached its peak, was the metropolis that both the East and the West aspired to at that time, was the economic and cultural and political center, economic prosperity, rich side, the population is more than one million, even today, the city of millions of people can not be underestimated,
According to the "Tokyo Dream Record", "Outside the Donghua Gate, the city is the most prosperous,...... Where diet, new flowers and fruits, fish, shrimp, turtles and crabs, quail rabbit breast, gold and jade treasures, clothing, is nothing more than the world's wonders. If its taste is very good, the guest wants one or twenty flavors of wine, and it will be there at the moment. When it was old, fruit melons and vegetables were newly listed,...... The disputes between the various cabinets are taken at a high price."
It can be seen that Kaifeng is a city that was reasonably planned and lively in the early days, and it is also the starting point of the Silk Road, and its prosperity is no less than that of Xi'an City in the Tang Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Zhu Yuanzhang sent people to inspect Kaifeng many times, and Xu Da, who led troops to capture Kaifeng City, also suggested at the same time that Kaifeng be made the capital, and the results of many inspections also satisfied Zhu Yuanzhang, and finally set Kaifeng and Yingtian as the capital at the same time, and implemented the "two capital system", when Zhu Yuanzhang broke the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Nanjing was already in August of the same year, in view of the change in form, in order to more conveniently govern the whole country, Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly weighed the advantages and disadvantages before changing the capital city to Nanjing, after the Qing soldiers entered the customs and ruled the Central Plains, Vigorously rebuilding Kaifeng City has a lot of meaning to take this as the capital, but in the end, after many aspects of investigation and weighing, the Qing Dynasty set Beijing as the capital, and since then, Kaifeng's economy has not been as good as before, and handicrafts and services have gradually declined.
During the Republic of China period, Kaifeng Province was set up as a city, and the administrative level was changed many times, after the Japanese army invaded Kaifeng and restored, Kaifeng City was set as the provincial capital, due to the serious damage by the Japanese army, Kaifeng City was already devastated at the time of liberation.
In 1948, the People's Liberation Army officially liberated Kaifeng City, and after much consideration, finally decided to set up the provincial capital in Zhengzhou, which had a more strategic environment, and since then, a former world metropolis has become a third-tier city.
2. There are many disasters, many haojie, and many scenic spots
Since ancient times, heroes have suffered many hardships, and since ancient cities have suffered many disasters. Kaifeng City is an ancient city that has survived 4,000 years of ups and downs and still stands tall.
Famous in the pre-Qin period
"Battle of Guandu"
It was in kaifeng territory that the "wandering canal" broke out, and this disaster caused Kaifeng to be hit hard for the first time.
Wang Cang's "Seven Lamentations" describes this disaster to the fullest: "Going out and seeing nothing, white bones covering the plains"
It was not until the after-effects of this war during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period that the sequelae were completely eliminated, and Kaifeng returned to glory during the Sui Dynasty. Because of its close proximity to the Yellow River, the floods in Kaifeng have never been broken, and in the course of the uprising, Li Zicheng dug up the Yellow River embankment, and the yellow river water poured into Kaifeng City, and suddenly Kaifeng became a vast ocean, the population was sharply reduced, and Kaifeng's vitality was seriously injured. During the Xinhai Revolution, Kaifeng City was also an important battlefield in the revolutionary struggle, providing strong support for the Wuchang Uprising, and in 1938 Kaifeng City was occupied by the Japanese army and experienced 7 years of colonial rule. The city of Kaifeng in the Liberation War once again experienced the baptism of war.
Thanks to high-quality education, a good geographical environment, and a profound historical and cultural background, Kaifeng City has been a city full of talents since ancient times, up to the Minister of Commerce
"Yi Yin"
, Warring States of the Ages
"Zhang Yi"
, one of the Four Gentlemen of the Warring States
"Wei Wujie" (Xin Lingjun)
One of the Four Sages of the Bamboo Forest during the Three Kingdoms period
"Yuan"
Wait a minute. Not only that, the major literary poets are related to Kaifeng City, Tang poetry and Song poetry describe Kaifeng, borrowing Kaifeng is innumerable, the fate of the poetry Xian Taibai and Kaifeng is extremely deep, such as:
"Liang Yuan Yin", "Hate Fu".
It was all done by Li Bai in Kaifeng, and Li Bai even married a Kaifeng woman, Bai Juyi
Sui Di Liu
, Cui Hao's
Yellow Crane Tower
Here are the examples of poems that are popular and have been praised by future generations,
Li Yu, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Liu Yong, Yan Family Father and Son, Zhou Bangyan, Xin Shuyi, Li Qingzhao
Etc., there have been works handed down in Kaifeng City, these poems were created in the heyday of Kaifeng, all kinds of poetry city Ling Lang is full of eyes, here is not an example, this kind of ancient style and ancient charm of the city is naturally indispensable to the civilization of Chinese and foreign scenic spots, historical records
"There are more than 100 temples in Tokyo Castle Palace And temples. Near the left of the capital, all are gardens, within a hundred miles, and there is no idle land..."
, the famous royal garden -
"Gundake"
In the past excavations of Kaifeng cultural relics and relics to
The Song Dynasty is the mainstay, the Yuan, Ming, Qing, and the beginning of the People' Republic
Each generation has its own characteristics.
Dragon Pavilion, Iron Pagoda, Xiangguo Temple, Fan Pagoda, Yanqing Temple, Yuwangtai,
It has irreplaceable historical and cultural value.
As one of the three major stone carving concentrations in Henan, the Kaifeng collection and various scenic spots and monuments preserve more than 1,000 stone carvings from the Han Dynasty to the Republic of China. They are all housed in the "Kaifeng City Museum", thanks to which the museum has been rated as a national first-class museum for 16 consecutive years.
3. Why did you lose the capital city?
The selection of the capital of successive dynasties is extremely important, which is not only related to the development of the local area but also related to the survival of the country, at the beginning of the founding of New China, Kaifeng City was once a candidate city with Beijing, but the gap of only one vote Kaifeng City was not elected to become the capital, and the reasons for this can be roughly divided into three points:
1、
The industrial base ratio is poor
Kaifeng City, because at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the original radius of reform, still relying on the original handicraft agriculture as an economic source, was changed to the administrative level many times during the Republic of China, and it was even more difficult for Kaifeng, which was backward in industry, to develop.
2、
Strategic location is not optimal
Although Kaifeng has accumulated the transportation base of the ancient capital of the Eight Dynasties and is close to the Yellow River, the navigation conditions of the Yellow River are very limited, and the development opportunities brought by it are far less than the losses caused by the floods of the Yellow River. So the traffic can't be the best in alternative cities. There is almost no danger to the south of Kaifeng City, and it is extremely inconvenient to control the coast.
3、
There are no conditions for building a capital
Although Kaifeng City is the ancient capital of the Eight Dynasties, but since the Ming Dynasty began Kaifeng gradually towards decline, to the Republic of China period Kaifeng was once in decline, the economy was in a slump, compared to Beijing has a perfect administrative institutions, it is true that Kaifeng City does not have this condition, and the war to Kaifeng brought much more trauma than Beijing. For the newly founded new China, choosing a city with a smaller cost as the capital is the best choice.
4. Kaifeng will be revitalized
Kong Ling once said:
"Money is nothing more than the meat of a city, thin can be fat, fat can be thin, and culture is the bone of the city." The bones of man shall not be thin for a day. "
Kaifeng can still stand for thousands of years after suffering, relying not on money, relying on deep cultural heritage, which is like a human bone, it is impossible to "slim down", once this was a prosperous ancient capital, poetry-filled city, and now although it can not be compared with other first-tier cities for a while, it can rely on cultural heritage to create the glory of the past.