General Ili and the Minister in Tibet: The two pillars of the Qing Dynasty's frontier governance
Author: Wen Reading History (I hope you will support and pay more attention to Wen Reading History)
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I. Introduction
In the territory of the Qing Dynasty, Xinjiang and Tibet have always attracted the attention of the Qing rulers because of their unique geographical location and complex ethnic relations. In order to strengthen the management of these two regions, the Qing Dynasty established two official posts, General Ili and Minister in Tibet, who were responsible for the military and political affairs of Xinjiang and Tibet respectively, and became the two pillars of the Qing Dynasty's border governance. This article will conduct an in-depth discussion on General Ili and the ministers stationed in Tibet from the aspects of historical background, official position, and functional role.
2. General Yili: The highest military and political commander in Xinjiang
(1) Historical background
Xinjiang has been a region inhabited by many ethnic groups since ancient times, and its geographical location is important and its strategic position is significant. After the Qing Dynasty took control of the Central Plains, it took various measures to consolidate its rule over Xinjiang. Among them, the establishment of General Ili was one of the important measures taken by the Qing Dynasty to govern the Xinjiang region.
(2) Establishment of official positions
General Ili, whose full name is "President Ili and other generals", was the nominal supreme military and political governor in Xinjiang established after Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty pacified the Zhun and Hui Ministries. General Ili had a wide range of powers, including commanding the garrison, inspecting officials, planting land and grazing, organizing production, verifying and collecting taxes, and patrolling the border and defending the land. General Ili was appointed as a counselor, a commander, and a minister of affairs to assist in the management of military and political affairs in Xinjiang.
(3) Functional role
As the supreme military and political governor of Xinjiang, General Yili's functions and roles are mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, to strengthen the Qing Dynasty's military control over Xinjiang and maintain national unity and border stability; The second is to promote economic development and social progress in Xinjiang, and promote exchanges and integration among multiple ethnic groups; The third is to maintain ethnic unity and religious harmony in Xinjiang, and guard against and crack down on separatist forces.
3. Minister in Tibet: Political representative of Tibet
(1) Historical background
Tibet has been an inalienable part of China's territory since ancient times, and its geographical location is unique and strategically important. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, it adopted various measures in order to strengthen the management of Tibet. Among them, the establishment of a minister in Tibet was one of the important measures taken by the Qing Dynasty to govern Tibet.
(2) Establishment of official positions
The minister stationed in Tibet is the minister stationed in Tibet by the central government of the Qing Dynasty and participated in the exchange between Tibet and the Qing government. The powers of the minister stationed in Tibet have been strengthened in stages due to changes in the times, from the early supervision to the later co-governance and overseeing all important tasks. The Minister in Tibet has the posts of assistant minister and assistant to assist in the management of political, economic, cultural and other affairs in Tibet.
(3) Functional role
As the political representative of the Qing Dynasty central government in Tibet, the functions and roles of the minister in Tibet are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, on behalf of the central government, he and religious leaders such as the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama jointly manage Tibetan affairs and maintain political stability and social harmony in Tibet; The second is to promote economic development and cultural prosperity in Tibet, and promote exchanges and integration among multiple ethnic groups. Third, it is necessary to guard against and crack down on the intrusion and sabotage of Tibet by foreign invading forces and safeguard state sovereignty and territorial integrity.
IV. Comparative Analysis of General Ili and the Minister in Tibet
(1) Similarities
General Ili and the minister stationed in Tibet were both important official posts established by the Qing Dynasty in the border areas, and both had important responsibilities for maintaining national unity and stability in the border areas. They all represent the management and rule of the central government of the Qing Dynasty over the border areas, and they all undertake the important task of promoting economic development and social progress in the border areas.
(2) Differences
There are also some differences between General Ili and the minister stationed in Tibet in terms of the establishment of official positions and functions. First of all, in terms of official positions, General Ili is the highest military and political governor in Xinjiang, and his scope of authority covers the military, political, economic and other aspects of Xinjiang. The minister in Tibet was the political representative of the central government of the Qing Dynasty in Tibet, and his scope of authority was mainly focused on politics and religion. Second, in terms of function, General Ili paid more attention to military control and economic development in Xinjiang. The minister in Tibet, on the other hand, paid more attention to promoting political stability and cultural prosperity in Tibet.
V. Conclusions and prospects
As the two pillars of the Qing Dynasty's frontier governance, General Ili and the minister stationed in Tibet played an important role in maintaining national unity and border stability. They not only strengthened the Qing Dynasty's military control and economic development over the border areas, but also promoted the cultural prosperity and ethnic integration of the border areas. However, with the changes of the times and the evolution of history, the functions and roles of General Ili and the ministers stationed in Tibet have also undergone some changes. In today's society, we should learn from the experience and lessons of the Qing Dynasty in administering the border areas, strengthen the management and development of the border areas, and promote the economic prosperity and social progress of the border areas. At the same time, we should also pay attention to protecting the ecological environment and cultural heritage of the border areas and promote the sustainable development of the border areas.